进化节奏和模式总结了理论生物学中古老而有争议的学科,如渐进主义,收敛,特遣队,趋势,和根深蒂固。我们采用了综合的方法论方法来探索Lepidosaurian指骨公式(PFs)的进化节奏和模式。这种方法涉及量化沿着进化轨迹的形态变化的频率。由PFs编码的五个综合人物在揭示进化模式方面特别有价值,由于它们的离散性质和文献中的大量文献。基于来自649个分类单元(35个鳞翅目,包括化石),其中有53种配方的独特曲目,我们的方法同时考虑物候和系统发育数据.最终形成一个图,说明了跨越形态空间不同区域的进化的系统发育动态。该方法涉及列举表型选项,重建整个系统发育的表型,将表型投射到形态空间上,并根据独特表型条件之间的进化转变频率构建流动网络。这种方法将马尔可夫链和进化轨迹联系起来,以正式定义描述形态变化潜在转变的参数。在其他结果中,我们发现(a)PF进化表现出明显的减少指骨计数的趋势,并且(b)在形态相似的PF之间往往会发生明显的进化变化。尽管如此,虽然微不足道,但并不微不足道,遥远的公式之间的转换-跳跃-发生。我们的结果支持包括停滞在内的多元化观点,渐进主义,和盐碱论在目标角色进化中区分它们的患病率。
Evolutionary tempo and mode summarize ancient and controversial subjects of theoretical biology such as gradualism, convergence, contingence, trends, and entrenchment. We employed an integrative methodological approach to explore the evolutionary tempo and mode of Lepidosaurian phalangeal formulae (PFs). This approach involves quantifying the frequencies of morphological changes along an evolutionary trajectory. The five meristic characters encoded by PFs are particularly valuable in revealing evolutionary patterns, owing to their discrete nature and extensive documentation in the literature. Based on a pre-existing dataset of PFs from 649 taxa (35
Lepidosauria families, including fossils), from which there exists a unique repertoire of 53 formulations, our approach simultaneously considers phenetic and phylogenetic data. This culminates in a diagram accounting for the phylogenetic dynamic of evolution traversing across different regions of morphospace. The method involves enumerating phenotypical options, reconstructing phenotypes across the phylogeny, projecting phenotypes onto a morphospace, and constructing a flow network from the frequency of evolutionary transitions between unique phenotypic conditions. This approach links Markovian chains and evolutionary trajectories to formally define parameters that describe the underlying transitions of morphological change. Among other results, we found that (a) PF evolution exhibits a clear trend towards reduction in the phalangeal count and that (b) evolutionary change tends to occur significantly between morphologically similar PFs. Notwithstanding, although minor but not trivial, transitions between distant formulas -jumps- occur. Our results support a pluralistic view including stasis, gradualism, and saltationism discriminating their prevalence in a target character evolution.