目的:关于青少年饮酒和认知的研究通常无法将饮酒对认知的潜在因果影响与共同的病因影响分开。包括遗传影响或其他物质使用合并症,也已知与认知有关,例如尼古丁的使用。本研究旨在填补这一空白,并通过考虑已测量和未测量的混杂因素来阐明青少年饮酒与青少年认知之间的关系。
方法:使用考虑家庭嵌套的随机效应模型来控制测量的混杂因素。接下来,在完整样本和单卵双生对(MZ)中进行了双胞胎比较,以控制双胞胎共有的未测量的遗传和环境混杂因素。
方法:参与者为812名个体(58.6%为女性,361个完整的对,146MZ对)来自芬兰的纵向FinnTwin12研究。
方法:用14岁和17岁年龄段的平均使用频率和中毒率对青少年饮酒进行索引。认知结果在平均年龄22岁时进行测量,包括跟踪测试,加州Stroop测试,韦克斯勒成人智力子测验(词汇,块设计,数字符号),WechslerMemoryScale的数字跨度子测试,心理旋转测试和对象位置记忆测试。协变量包括性别,父母教育,一般认知能力,目前使用酒精和尼古丁。
结果:整个青春期饮酒频率和中毒频率的增加与同胎对照[freq:stndbeta=-0.12,95%置信区间(CI)=-0.234,-0.013]和仅MZ同胎对照模型(freq:stndbeta=-0.0.95%CI=-0.523,-0.087%CI=0.5301,
结论:在芬兰,似乎几乎没有证据表明青少年饮酒会导致成年后的认知缺陷,除了适度的证据表明青少年饮酒较高与年轻成人词汇得分较低有关。
OBJECTIVE: Studies on adolescent alcohol use and cognition are often unable to separate the potential causal effects of alcohol use on cognition from shared etiological influences, including genetic influences or other substance use comorbidities also known to be associated with cognition, such as nicotine use. The present study aimed to fill this gap and clarify the relationship between adolescent alcohol use and young adult cognition by accounting for both measured and unmeasured confounders.
METHODS: A random effects model accounting for nesting in families was used to control for measured confounders. Next, co-twin comparisons were conducted within the full sample and in monozygotic twin pairs (MZ) to control for unmeasured genetic and environmental confounders shared by co-twins.
METHODS: Participants were 812 individuals (58.6% female, 361 complete pairs, 146 MZ pairs) from the longitudinal FinnTwin12 study in Finland.
METHODS: Adolescent alcohol use was indexed with measures of frequency of use and
intoxication averaged across ages 14 and 17. Cognitive outcomes were measured at average age 22 and included Trail Making Test, California Stroop test, Wechsler Adult Intelligence subtests (Vocabulary, Block Design, Digit Symbol), Digit Span subtest of Wechsler Memory Scale, Mental Rotation Test and Object Location Memory test. Covariates included sex, parental education, general cognitive ability, current alcohol use and nicotine use.
RESULTS: Greater frequency of alcohol use and frequency of
intoxication across adolescence was associated with decreased vocabulary scores in the co-twin control [freq: stnd beta = -0.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.234, -0.013] and MZ only co-twin control models (freq: stnd beta = -0.305, 95% CI = -0.523, -0.087; intox: stnd beta = -0.301, 95% CI = -0.528, -0.074).
CONCLUSIONS: In Finland, there appears to be little evidence that adolescent alcohol use causes cognitive deficits in young adulthood, except modest evidence for association of higher adolescent alcohol use with lower young adult vocabulary scores.