Home-dwelling people with dementia rely on their family members to be able to stay at home. This affects the family caregivers\' quality of life (QoL). However, less is known about how male and female caregivers differ in their QoL. Our study aimed to investigate gender differences in caregivers\' quality of life (QoL), whether emotional relationships influence QoL, and how their QoL changes over time. The study applied a cross-sectional and a longitudinal design to examine a total of 208 caregivers, 158 female and 50 male caregivers, and their family member with dementia. Regression analysis and t-tests were performed to identify what characteristics about caregivers and care receivers influence male and female QoL, and whether caregivers\' QoL developed after one year. Both male and female caregivers\' depression influenced their QoL. For females, their own social distress influenced their QoL, and for males, their experience of their care receivers\' overemotional attitude influenced their QoL. From baseline to one-year follow-up their QoL decreased while their distress and experience of care receivers\' emotional attitudes was stable. Significant gender-specific differences were found, indicating that gender must be considered when approving caregivers\' needs and planning interventions for caregivers.

Forgiveness plays an important role in restoring and maintaining cooperative relationships. Previous studies have demonstrated that young children could forgive transgressors both as a third party and as a victim. However, the research on young children\'s understanding of forgiveness is scant. This study focused on the two main functions of forgiveness-the restoration of a damaged relationship between the victim and the transgressor and the positive emotional change in the victim toward the transgressor. In this study, 48 4-year-olds (25 girls), 50 5-year-olds (21 girls), and 50 6-year-olds (21 girls) in Japan heard stories in which a victim either did or did not forgive a transgressor. They answered questions about the relationship between the victim and the transgressor and the victim\'s feelings toward the transgressor. Regarding the restoration of a damaged relationship, 4- to 6-year-olds understood that the restoration could occur in the presence of forgiveness. Yet, 6-year-olds showed more distinctive belief than 4- and 5-year-olds that the damaged relationship remains unrestored without forgiveness from the victim. For emotional changes, 6-year-olds understood that the forgiving victim would experience positive emotional changes, whereas the unforgiving victim would not. However, 4- and 5-year-olds expected positive emotional changes even without forgiveness, although they anticipated greater changes after forgiveness. The results show that the understanding of the important functions of forgiveness is present at 4 years of age and matures by 6 years of age. Children may develop a sophisticated understanding of the functions of forgiveness later than the actual forgiving behavior.

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Patients with chronic schizophrenia become vulnerable to stress when admitted to psychiatric wards, lacking the abilities to independently cope with stress. Therefore, it is crucial to focus on the stress associated with hospitalization. Stress increases when interpersonal functioning is impaired due to schizophrenia symptoms. Social support acts as a protective factor against stress, boosting coping skills and problem-solving abilities.
UNASSIGNED: Interpersonal relationships, marital status, having cohabited before hospitalization and hospitalization type were associated with hospitalization stress in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Patients with chronic schizophrenia continue aging (mean 55.73 ± 11.14) within closed psychiatric hospitals due to their long-term hospitalizations (mean 14.24 ± 11.37). WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: Mental health nurses need to use a standardized nursing assessment including interpersonal relationships, family support system and hospitalization type that may affect hospitalization stress in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Mental health nurses should develop tailored interventions to reduce hospitalization stress for long-stay patients with chronic schizophrenia that consider aging, illness duration, and length of hospital stay, as well as psychiatric symptoms. Mental health nurses need to make efforts to help the families of patients with schizophrenia solidify an important support system by participating in treatment plans and intervention programs, checking on the patients\' condition, and spending time with them.
UNASSIGNED: INTRODUCTION: Patients with chronic schizophrenia in psychiatric hospitals often experience increased stress due to living in closed spaces and frequently lack the coping skills necessary for independent stress management.
OBJECTIVE: To explore interpersonal relationships, social support and hospitalization stress, and identify the factors associated with hospitalization stress in patients with chronic schizophrenia in psychiatric hospitals.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 135 patients who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia for over 2 years, recruited from two psychiatric hospitals in City B, South Korea through convenience sampling. We conducted descriptive statistics and quantile regression.
RESULTS: Interpersonal relationships, marital status, cohabiting before hospitalization, and voluntary admission were significant factors influencing the hospitalization stress at the 90th percentile.
CONCLUSIONS: Standardized nursing assessment, active family support, and tailored stress management programs including interpersonal relationships are needed to reduce hospitalization stress in patients with chronic schizophrenia.
CONCLUSIONS: To identify the 90th percentile group for hospitalization stress among patients with chronic schizophrenia, it is essential to consider interpersonal relationships, marital status, pre-hospitalization cohabitation, type of hospitalization, as well as aging and prolonged hospitalization. Mental health nurses should develop and implement family therapy-based interpersonal relationship programs to reduce hospitalization stress in patients with chronic schizophrenia and actively involve families in the process.

The development of social relationships influences a person\'s self-concept, which in turn affects their perceptions and neural correlates in social interactions. This study employed an EEG-based hyperscanning technique and a longitudinal design to investigate how the evolution of interpersonal relationships impacts inter-brain synchrony during nonverbal social-emotional interactions. The framework for this study is based on the self-expansion model. We found that dyads exhibited enhanced affective sharing abilities and increased brain-to-brain synchrony, particularly in the gamma rhythm across the frontal, parietal, and left temporoparietal regions, after seven months together compared to when they first met. Additionally, the results indicate that inter-brain coupling evolves as relationships develop, with synchrony in nonverbal social-emotional interactions increasing as self-expansion progresses. Crucially, in the deep learning model, interpersonal closeness can be successfully classified by inter-brain synchrony during emotional-social interactions. The longitudinal EEG-hyperscanning design of our study allows for capturing dynamic changes over time, offering new insights into the neurobiological foundations of social interaction and the potential of neural synchrony as a biomarker for relationship dynamics.

Although prior research has implied that emotional contagion occurs automatically and unconsciously, convincing evidence suggests that it is significantly influenced by individuals\' perceptions of their relationships with others or with collectives within specific social contexts. This implies a role for self-representation in the process. The present study aimed to offer a novel explanation of the interplay between social contexts and emotional contagion, focusing on the contextualized nature of self-representation and exploring the social factors that shape emotional contagion. It further posits a causal loop among social contexts, self-representation, and emotional contagion. Drawing from the lens of self-representation, this study concludes with a discussion on potential research directions in this field, commencing with an exploration of the antecedents and consequences of emotional contagion and self-representation.

Seven preregistered experimental studies investigated a potential mediator (self-blame) and moderator (the perceived responsibility of the helper for the help recipient\'s behavior) of Weiner\'s attribution-emotion-action model. When participants considered a nonchild close other experiencing depression, higher perceived controllability was related to lower sympathy, which correlated with less willingness to provide support; however, among parents considering their child experiencing depression, perceived controllability was either positively associated with sympathy (study 1) or did not influence sympathy (study 2). Offering an explanation, studies 3a/3b indicated a significantly weaker relationship between controllability and responsibility attributions when the target of help was the participant\'s child. Study 4 investigated the underlying mechanism. Parents experienced self-blame when the cause was controllable, which lowered the association between controllability and responsibility attributions. Studies 5 and 6 revealed this pattern was not specific to the parent-child relationship but occurred whenever the potential helper felt responsible for the help recipient\'s behavior.

Art therapy, as an effective therapeutic intervention, is used to improve positive self-image and self-awareness, promote insight, and enhance therapeutic communication. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of art psychotherapy on ego functions, emotion regulation, and interpersonal relationship styles of individuals with neurotic personality organization. Using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design, 60 participants were assigned to intervention and control groups, each further divided into three subgroups (n = 10 per subgroup). The intervention group engaged in online art therapy sessions twice weekly over nine weeks, while the control group received no intervention. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, paired samples t-tests, and independent t-tests. There was a significant decrease in the intervention group\'s judgmental subdimensions of the Ego Function Assessment Scale. A significant decrease was found in the intervention group in \"awareness\" (p < 0.01), \"clarity\" (p < 0.05), and \"impulse\" (p < 0.001) subdimensions and total scores of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. There was no statistical difference between the intervention and control groups\' mean pretests and posttests and comparing those groups with each other concerning IRSQ scores. The online group art therapy led to successful improvements in participants\' ego functions and emotion regulations.

BACKGROUND: Longitudinal integrated clerkships (LICs) and traditional block rotations (TBRs) employ different designs that provide various learning experiences for students. In this study, we explored students\' clinical participation and interpersonal interactions in LICs and TBRs at 2 metropolitan hospitals in Taiwan.
METHODS: In April 2018, we enrolled 15 LIC and 29 TBR students. We conducted a cross-sectional survey which required the students to outline a typical daily schedule during their internal medicine rotations and draw an ecomap of the clinical team members. With the patient in the center as a reference, the size of each circle in an ecomap indicated the importance of the member; the distances and number of connecting lines between two circles represented the relationship and frequency of interaction, respectively, between the corresponding members. We analyzed the results and compared the responses of the LIC and TBR students.
RESULTS: The LIC students spent more time on direct patient care and in the outpatient clinic/operation room, whereas the TBR students participated more in educational activities and in observation behind their seniors. In the ecomap analysis, the LIC students had a closer relationship with attending physicians and had better interactions with patients and preceptors than did the TBR students. Conversely, the TBR students felt closer to and interacted more frequently with interns and residents.
CONCLUSIONS: The LIC students had more opportunities to care for patients directly and engaged in interactions with patients and attending physicians more frequently than did the TBR students.
BACKGROUND: Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Tri-Service General Hospital (TSGHIRB 2-106-05-018).

Chinese address terms exhibits a high degree of variability. Guided by the extended context of situation framework within the field of systemic functional linguistics, and taking the dialogues of the modern Chinese TV drama In the Name of People as examples, this study investigated how the bystander influences the choice of address terms. It is found that the appearance of the bystander influences the choice of address terms. Yet, it is not a direct process but is mediated by conversational atmosphere. Specifically, the presence of a bystander triggers \"situational synergy\" or changes interpersonal relationship, and then change the conversational atmosphere, both paths ultimately impact the choice of address terms. The underlying forces that lead to the variability of Chinese address terms are guān běn wèi and miàn zǐ. This study suggests the intricate impact of context on language choice, as well as the interdependency of context variables. In addition, by taking the concept of face beyond its European/North American milieu, and relocating it following the Chinese point of view, group orientation is valued, which contributes to face study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of general characteristics, fatigue, depression, self-efficacy, job stress and interpersonal relationships on the quality of life (QoL) of caregivers in nursing hospitals and use them as basic data for intervention programs to improve the quality of life of caregivers.
METHODS: The participants in the study were 137 caregivers, aged 52-76, who were actively working in nursing hospitals. Data were collected from caregivers by visiting 9 hospitals in 6 cities, with a questionnaire of fatigue, depression, self-efficacy, job stress, interpersonal relationship, quality of life.
RESULTS: Age, marriage, marital satisfaction, education, education experience of QoL, monthly income, perceived economic status, hobby or leisure activity, and number of disease showed differences in the degree of QoL at a statistically significant level. In stage 1, economic status (β = -0.18, p = 0.033) and hobby or leisure activity (β = 0.19, p = 0.025) were influencing factors (F = 4.58, p < 0.001). In stage 2, monthly income (β = -0.19, p = 0.034) and perceived economic status (β = -0.18, p = 0.035) were influencing factors. In stage 3, age (β = -2.80, p = 0.006), perceived economic status (β = -2.41, p = 0.017), self-efficacy (β = 3.19, p = 0.002) and interpersonal relationship (β = 7.12, p < 0.001) were influencing factors which showed 61.5% explanatory power (F = 12.88, p < 0.001). Since the subject\'s fatigue, depression, and stress did not affect the quality of life, further research is needed.
CONCLUSIONS: In order to improve the quality of life of caregivers, it would be necessary to develop interventions for raising their self-efficacy and interpersonal relationship by considering their degree of economic status, hobby or leisure activity, monthly income, and age.