The intermediate phase of spinal cord injury (SCI) serves as an important target site for therapeutic mediation of SCI. However, there is a lack of insight into the mechanism of the intermediate phase of SCI. The present study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism and the feasible treatment targets in the intermediate phase of SCI. We downloaded GSE2599 from GEO and identified 416 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 206 downregulated and 210 upregulated DEGs. Further enrichment analysis of DEGs revealed that many important biological processes and signal pathways were triggered in the injured spinal cord. Furthermore, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed and the top 10 high-degree hub nodes were identified. Furthermore, 27 predicted transcription factors (TFs) and 136 predicted motifs were identified. We then selected insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and its predicted transcription factor, transcription factor A, mitochondrial (TFAM) for further investigation. We speculated and preliminarily confirmed that TFAM may regulate gene transcription of IGF1 and effected alterations in the function recovery of rats after SCI. These findings together provide novel information that may improve our understanding of the pathophysiological processes during the intermediate phase of SCI.

Wide bandgap (WBG) perovskite can construct tandem cells with narrow bandgap solar cells by adjusting the band gap to overcome the Shockley-Queisser limitation of single junction perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, WBG perovskites still suffer from severe nonradiative carrier recombination and large open-circuit voltage loss. Here, this work uses an in situ photoluminescence (PL) measurement to monitor the intermediate phase evolution and crystallization process via blade coating. This work reports a strategy to fabricate efficient and stable WBG perovskite solar cells through doping a long carbon chain molecule octane-1,8-diamine dihydroiodide (ODADI). It is found that ODADI doping not only suppresses intermediate phases but also promote the crystallization of perovskite and passivate defects in blade coated 1.67 eV WBG FA0.7Cs0.25MA0.05Pb(I0.8Br0.2)3 perovskite films. As a result, the champion single junction inverted PSCs deliver the efficiencies of 22.06% and 19.63% for the active area of 0.07 and 1.02 cm2, respectively, which are the highest power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) in WBG PSCs by blade coating. The unencapsulated device demonstrates excellent stability in air, which maintains its initial efficiency at the maximum power points under constant AM 1.5G illumination in open air for nearly 500 h. The resulting semitransparent WBG device delivers a high PCE of 20.06%, and the 4-terminal all-perovskite tandem device delivers a PCE of 28.35%.

Quasi-2D perovskites show great potential as photovoltaic devices with superior stability, but the power conversion efficiency (PCE) is limited by poor carrier transport. Here, it is simultaneously affected the hole transport layer (HTL) and the perovskite layer by incorporating pyridine-based materials into poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) to address the key problem above in 2D perovskites. With this approach, the enhanced optoelectronic performance of the novel PEDOT:PSS is due to electron transfer between the additives and PEDOT or PSS, as well as a dissociation between PEDOT and PSS based on experimental and theoretical studies, which facilitates the charge extraction and transfer. Concurrently, in-situ X-ray scattering studies reveal that the introduction of pyridine-based molecules alters the transformation process of the perovskite intermediate phase, which leads to a preferred orientation and ordered distribution caused by the Pb─N chemical bridge, achieving efficient charge transport. As a result, the pyridine-treated devices achieve an increased short-circuit current density (Jsc) and PCE of over 17%.

Antisolvent engineering is routinely used to modulate the crystallization of perovskite films as they can offer an additional driving force for nucleation. Actually, the intervention of antisolvent into nucleation is thought to involve some relatively fast and complex processes, which, however, are not fully understood so far. Here, the diffusion of the organic amine cation FA+ (one dominated precursor) and its distribution in a spin-coating process in different antisolvents is simulated by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. It is suggested that a moderate diffusion rate (like that in the case of toluene as an antisolvent) not only enables to form a very uniform distribution of FA+ ions on the substrate, beneficial to the uniform nucleation of the intermediate phase, but also can balance the nucleation and growth rates of the intermediate phase, thereby suppressing undesired heterogeneous nucleation and growth. Results show that the perovskite film fabricated using toluene as an antisolvent has a high quality, based on which higher power conversion efficiencies of up to 24.32% are achieved for perovskite solar cells.

The smooth and dense light-absorbing layer is an essential factor in polycrystalline solar cells to achieve high photovoltaic performance, while it remains challenging in perovskite solar cells because of the difficulty balancing the speed of crystal nucleation and growth in a solution way. Here, we explored a perovskite nucleation/growth compatible model via manipulating the intermediate complex induced by n-hexylamine (NHA) molecule, guiding us to adjustments perovskite nucleation and growth process. We found that the NHA can act as a gearbox-like molecule to sequentially reduce the perovskite nucleation barrier, promote the nucleation velocity, and retard the perovskite growth simultaneously to obtain uniform perovskite films; correspondingly, this modulation also yields the buried interface with fewer voids and low defects density. In addition, the hydrophobic NHA with long alkyl chain improves the moisture tolerance of the perovskite. The treated solar cell power conversion efficiency was 21.91 %. Importantly, in ∼ 70 % humidity at 25 °C for 30 days, the efficiency of the device declined less than 5 %, exhibiting a good stability performance.

The spinel Mn-based cathodes with 3D Li+ diffusion channels, high voltage, and low-cost show promise for developing high-power lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). But the disproportionation and Jahn-Teller distortion lead to structural degeneration and capacity decay, especially at high working temperatures. Herein, considering the merits of single crystals and orientation of exposed crystal planes, single-crystal truncated octahedral LiMn2 O4 (TO-LMO) with exposed {111}, {100} and {110} facets is rationally designed, in which the mainly exposed {111} facets are truncated by a small portion of {100} and {110} facets. The Li-deficient intermediate phase is innovatively proposed to prepare the single-crystal TO-LMO. The synergistic effects of single crystals and the orientation of exposed crystal planes significantly reduce the disproportionation of Mn3+ ions and thereby improve their structural stability. Consequently, the cycling stability of the single-crystal TO-LMO is remarkably enhanced, obtaining outstanding capacity retention of 84.3% after 2000 cycles, much better than that of 61.2% for octahedral LiMn2 O4 . The feasibility of preparing single-crystal truncated octahedral LiNi0.5 Mn1.5 O4 with exposed {111}, {100}, and {110} facets via the Li-deficient intermediate phase is further demonstrated. These findings offer new insight into regulating the orientation of exposed crystal planes and improving the reversibility of Mn-based redox couples in LIBs.

Lead hafnate (PbHfO3) has attracted a lot of renewed interest due to its potential as antiferroelectric (AFE) material for energy storage. However, its room temperature (RT) energy-storage performance has not been well established and no reports on the energy-storage feature of its high-temperature intermediate phase (IM) are available. In this work, high-quality PbHfO3 ceramics were prepared via the solid-state synthesis route. Based on high-temperature X-ray diffraction data, the IM of PbHfO3 was found to be orthorhombic, Imma space group, with antiparallel alignment of Pb2+ ions along the [001]cubic directions. The polarization-electric field (P-E) relation of PbHfO3 is displayed at RT as well as in the temperature range of the IM. A typical AFE loop revealed an optimal recoverable energy-storage density (Wrec) of 2.7 J/cm3, which is 286% higher than the reported data with an efficiency (η) of 65% at 235 kV/cm at RT. A relatively high Wrec value of 0.7 J/cm3 was found at 190 °C with an η of 89% at 65 kV/cm. These results demonstrate that PbHfO3 is a prototypical AFE from RT up to 200 °C, making it a suitable material for energy-storage applications in a wide temperature range.

All-inorganic CsPbI3 perovskite has emerged as an important photovoltaic material due to its high thermal stability and suitable bandgap for tandem devices. Currently, the cell performance of CsPbI3 solar cells is mainly subject to a large open-circuit voltage (VOC ) deficit. Herein, a multifunctional room-temperature molten salt, dimethylamine acetate (DMAAc) is demonstrated, which not only directly acts as a solvent for precursor solutions, but also regulates the phase conversion process of the CsPbI3 film for high-efficiency photovoltaics. DMAAc can stabilize the DMAPbI3 structure and eliminate the Cs4 PbI6 intermediate phase, which is easily spatially segregated. Meanwhile, a new homogeneous intermediate phase DMAPb(I,Ac)3 is formed, which finally affords high-quality CsPbI3 films. With this approach, the charge capture activity of defects in the CsPbI3 film is significantly suppressed. Consequently, a VOC of 1.25 V and >21% power conversion efficiency are achieved, which is the record highest reported thus far. This intermediate phase-regulation strategy is believed to be applicable to other perovskite material systems.

The complete elimination of methylammonium (MA) cations in Sn-Pb composites can extend their light and thermal stabilities. Unfortunately, MA-free Sn-Pb alloyed perovskite thin films suffer from wrinkled surfaces and poor crystallization, due to the coexistence of mixed intermediate phases. Here, we report an additive strategy for finely regulating the impurities in the intermediate phase of Cs0.25FA0.75Pb0.6Sn0.4I3 and, thereby, obtaining high-performance solar cells. We introduced d-homoserine lactone hydrochloride (D-HLH) to form hydrogen bonds and strong Pb-O/Sn-O bonds with perovskite precursors, thereby weakening the incomplete complexation effect between polar aprotic solvents (e.g., DMSO) and organic (FAI) or inorganic (CsI, PbI2, and SnI2) components, and balancing their nucleation processes. This treatment completely transformed mixed intermediate phases into pure preformed perovskite nuclei prior to thermal annealing. Besides, this D-HLH substantially inhibited the oxidation of Sn2+ species. This strategy generated a record efficiency of 21.61%, with a Voc of 0.88 V for an MA-free Sn-Pb device, and an efficiency of 23.82% for its tandem device. The unencapsulated devices displayed impressive thermal stability at 85 °C for 300 h and much improved continuous operation stability at MPP for 120 h.

Carbon-based mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (MPSCs) are becoming one of the most competitive photovoltaic technologies owing to their lower manufacturing cost and excellent stability. In this work, methylammonium acetate (MAAc), an ionic liquid additive, is added into methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) perovskite and is used to fabricate high-performance MPSCs. Systematic and detailed studies have shown that the MAAc interacts with PbI2 preferentially to form a MAPbI3-x(Ac)x intermediate phase that can effectively control the crystallization kinetics of MAPbI3 in the triple-mesoscopic layer. MAPbI3 films with an appropriate amount of MAAc exhibit higher crystallinity, lower defect density, and dense pore filling, which effectively reduce carrier non-radiative recombination loss in MPSCs. As a result, a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.54% is obtained based on the optimized MAAc-engineered MPSCs. The PCE is 24% higher than 10.90% of the control devices. Moreover, unencapsulated MAAc-engineered MPSCs retain 90% of their initial PCE after being stored in the dark for 50 days under ambient atmosphere, which demonstrates much better air stability than control devices. This work provides an effective strategy for developing efficient and stable carbon-based MPSCs with an eco-friendly ionic liquid additive.