育种的农业实践,农场管理和种植提高了产量,在很大程度上,以满足不断增长的人口对食物的需求。然而,气候变化的新挑战,全球变暖,在新的情况下,营养质量的改善将必须得到解决。植物生物技术已成为一种可靠的工具,通过添加新基因来保护植物免受虫害和代谢工程,从而提高作物产量,在某种程度上,营养品质改善。植物组织培养技术为加速选定品种的克隆繁殖提供了途径,并增加了增值植物产品的生产,以增加现代农业。体外繁殖方法已成为在相对较短的持续时间内提高健康植物产量的杰出方法。也规避了季节性影响。然而,有多种因素直接或间接影响体外再生的效率,如生长调节剂的浓度和组合,母株的品种/基因型,外植体类型,幼苗的年龄和其他营养因素,和激发者。纳米技术作为材料科学中最新和最先进的方法之一,可以认为对提高作物产量非常有希望。纳米材料因其尺寸小而具有各种性质,例如增强的接触表面积,增加反应性,稳定性,化学成分,等。,可用于植物科学,以改变植物的潜力和性能,以改善组织培养实践。用体外生产程序实施纳米材料已被证明可以增加芽增殖潜力,植物产品的胁迫适应和产量。然而,纳米毒性和生物安全问题是局限性,但是有证据表明纳米粒子在农业生产中的推广和进一步探索。以受控方式将适当设计的纳米颗粒与组织培养程序结合可以被认为是可持续农业发展的新途径。本综述列举了不同的研究,其中用各种纳米颗粒处理会影响种子萌发的生长和生化反应,以及许多作物物种的体外形态发生。此外,许多研究表明,纳米颗粒可以作为提高体外培养物中重要次级代谢产物水平的激发子。该领域的最新进展还描述了纳米粒子作为基因转移的有希望的载体的适用性。其显示出比传统农杆菌介导的递送更好的效率。这篇综述全面强调了不同的体外研究,这些研究将有助于确定研究差距,并为重要作物物种的未开发研究领域提供未来方向。
The agricultural practices of breeding, farm management and cultivation have improved production, to a great extent, in order to meet the food demands of a growing population. However, the newer challenges of climate change, global warming, and nutritional quality improvement will have to be addressed under a new scenario. Plant biotechnology has emerged as a reliable tool for enhancing crop yields by protecting plants against insect pests and metabolic engineering through the addition of new genes and, to some extent, nutritional quality improvement. Plant tissue culture techniques have provided ways for the accelerated clonal multiplication of selected varieties with the enhanced production of value-added plant products to increase modern agriculture. The in vitro propagation method has appeared as a pre-eminent approach for the escalated production of healthy plants in relatively shorter durations, also circumventing seasonal effects. However, there are various kinds of factors that directly or indirectly affect the efficiency of in vitro regeneration like the concentration and combination of growth regulators, variety/genotype of the mother plant, explant type, age of seedlings and other nutritional factors, and elicitors. Nanotechnology as one of the latest and most advanced approaches in the material sciences, and can be considered to be very promising for the improvement of crop production. Nanomaterials have various kinds of properties because of their small size, such as an enhanced contact surface area, increased reactivity, stability, chemical composition, etc., which can be employed in plant sciences to alter the potential and performance of plants to improve tissue culture practices. Implementing nanomaterials with in vitro production procedures has been demonstrated to increase the shoot multiplication potential, stress adaptation and yield of plant-based products. However, nanotoxicity and biosafety issues are limitations, but there is evidence that implies the promotion and further exploration of nanoparticles in agriculture production. The incorporation of properly designed nanoparticles with tissue culture programs in a controlled manner can be assumed as a new pathway for sustainable agriculture development. The present review enlists different studies in which treatment with various nanoparticles influenced the growth and biochemical responses of seed germination, as well as the in vitro morphogenesis of many crop species. In addition, many studies suggest that nanoparticles can be useful as elicitors for elevating levels of important secondary metabolites in in vitro cultures. Recent advancements in this field also depict the suitability of nanoparticles as a promising carrier for gene transfer, which show better efficiency than traditional Agrobacterium-mediated delivery. This review comprehensively highlights different in vitro studies that will aid in identifying research gaps and provide future directions for unexplored areas of research in important crop species.