新生代的气候变化和构造事件极大地影响了温带植物区系的演化和地理分布。这种后果应该在古老的植物群中最为明显,广泛,和多样化。作为最广泛的树属之一,松属为研究北半球物种多样化和生物地理分离的历史提供了一个很好的模型。在这项研究中,我们重建了系统发育,并研究了该教派的进化和生物地理历史。Quinquefoliae(Pinus),一个物种丰富的谱系在亚洲不约而同地分布,欧洲和北美,基于完整的分类单元采样并使用来自叶绿体(CP)的9个DNA片段,线粒体(MT)和核基因组。这三个小节的单方,Krempfianae,Gerardianae,和Strobus,得到了cpDNA和核基因系统发育的充分支持。然而,都不是。Gerardianae或分支。Strobus在mtDNA系统发育中形成单系群,在哪个教派。Quinquefoliae被分为两个主要分支,一种由北美和东北亚物种以及欧洲小物种组成。Strobus,另一个包括其余的欧亚物种,属于三个小节。基因树之间的显著拓扑不一致,结合发散时间估计和祖先区域重建,表明古代和最近的渗入杂交事件都发生在教派的进化中。Quinquefoliae,特别是在东北亚和北美西北部。此外,系统发育分析表明,亚种的物种。来自亚热带东亚和邻近地区的Strobus可能只有一个起源,尽管非单生物种在核基因树中非常普遍。此外,我们的研究似乎支持特提斯教派的起源。给出了子部分的分布和系统发育位置。Krempfianae和Gerardianae,并强调了新近纪晚期活跃的山区建筑和气候变化对塑造松树物种多样性和地理分布的重要性。
Climatic changes and tectonic events in the Cenozoic have greatly influenced the evolution and geographic distribution of the temperate flora. Such consequences should be most evident in plant groups that are ancient, widespread, and diverse. As one of the most widespread genera of trees, Pinus provides a good model for investigating the history of species diversification and biogeographic disjunction in the Northern Hemisphere. In this study, we reconstructed the phylogeny and investigated the evolutionary and biogeographic history of sect. Quinquefoliae (Pinus), a species-rich lineage disjunctly distributed in Asia, Europe and North America, based on complete taxon sampling and by using nine DNA fragments from chloroplast (cp), mitochondrial (mt) and nuclear genomes. The monophyly of the three subsections, Krempfianae, Gerardianae, and Strobus, is well-supported by cpDNA and nuclear gene phylogenies. However, neither subsect. Gerardianae nor subsect. Strobus forms a monophyletic group in the mtDNA phylogeny, in which sect. Quinquefoliae was divided into two major clades, one consisting of the North American and northeastern Asian species as well as the European P. peuce of subsect. Strobus, and the other comprising the remaining Eurasian species belonging to three subsections. The significant topological incongruence among the gene trees, in conjunction with divergence time estimation and ancestral area reconstruction, indicates that both ancient and relatively recent introgressive hybridization events occurred in the evolution of sect. Quinquefoliae, particularly in northeastern Asia and northwestern North America. In addition, the phylogenetic analysis suggests that the species of subsect. Strobus from subtropical eastern Asia and neighboring areas may have a single origin, although species non-monophyly is very widespread in the nuclear gene trees. Moreover, our study seems to support a Tethyan origin of sect. Quinquefoliae given the distributions and phylogenetic positions of subsects. Krempfianae and Gerardianae, and also highlights the importance of active mountain buildings and climatic changes during the Late Neogene in shaping the species diversity and geographic distribution of Pinus.