One of the favored options for generating complex transgenic laboratory mice is through in-house breeding and management strategies. One consideration in the management of these colonies is how the animals\' environment may affect reproductive success. Several aspects of the microenvironment can be controlled or manipulated, including cage type, bedding, enrichment, diet, and temperature and humidity. This study sought to evaluate reproductive outcomes for C57BL/6J mice that were randomly assigned to one of two different bedding types: paper based or corncob bedding. Our hypothesis was there would be no significant difference in reproductive outcomes between the two bedding types. A total of 10 males and 10 females were paired at 45 days of age. Animals were allowed to breed for 15 consecutive weeks. Cages were checked daily for the presence of pups and a pup count was performed at 7 days of age. Weaning occurred at 20 or 21 days of age, at which time a final pup count, pup weight, and sex were recorded. All litters born and pups weaned in the 15-week timeframe were used for data analysis. Statistical analysis compared cannibalization between the two groups and the results showed no statistical difference between groups (p > 0.05). Other parameters analyzed included average litter size, average weaning weight, and number of litters per group. All pups counted at Day 7 survived to weaning age in both groups. We concluded that both bedding types produced similar success regarding breeding fecundity in C57BL/6J mice.

UNASSIGNED: Acute respiratory infection is an infectious illness caused by acute viral or bacterial infection. According to a 2018 WHO report, exposures to indoor and ambient air environmental pollution were contributing factors to a higher risk of respiratory problems following 7 million deaths of children under five globally. Housing conditions such as wall material, roof type, kitchen location, sanitation condition, and cooking fuel type are household-level predictors of acute respiratory disease among children under five years of age.
UNASSIGNED: This research used EDHS-2016 secondary data, which are nationally representative. The data collection period was from January 18, 2016, to June 27, 2016. Among the 16,650 total surveys, 10,006 households that had children below 5 years of age. The outcome variable for this study was acute respiratory infection symptoms. Analyses were performed using STATA Version 17.1. The data were weighted before performing analysis to reinstate the representativeness of the sample. In the bivariable analysis, a p value <0.2 was used to screen for multivariable. Multicollinearity was checked using the variance inflation factor. Then, a multilevel multivariable regression model was used in this study for the analysis of acute respiratory infection symptoms and possible predictor variables. Variables with a p value <0.05 in multivariable regression analysis were considered statistically significant predictors.
UNASSIGNED: Most (95.00%) households commonly used solid fuel for cooking, and household main construction materials: 81.44 and 91.03% of floors and walls of households were constructed with unprocessed natural materials, respectively. The prevalence of acute respiratory infection symptoms among children under five years of age was 7.955% (7.397, 8.551%). The findings indicated that acute respiratory infection symptoms among children under five years of age were significantly linked with the age of the children, diarrhea status, residence, region, fuel type, stool disposal, wall material, and floor material.
UNASSIGNED: Interventions should target modifiable factors such as proper stool disposal of the youngest child, informing the health effects of poor housing conditions such as improving wall and floor construction material to reduce acute respiratory infection symptoms among children under five years of age.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the black carbon (BC) pollution in the indoor air of typical residential houses in urban areas of Beijing, and to explore the relationship between indoor and outdoor BC concentrations as well as the main influencing factors.
METHODS: The indoor and outdoor PM_(2.5) samples were collected simultaneously from 33 apartments in the urban areas of Beijing during both the heating season (January to March) and the non-heating season (June to August) in 2016. Subsequently, optical method were employed to analyze BC concentrations in PM_(2.5)samples. The Spearman correlation coefficient (r_s) and the indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio of BC concentrations were both calculated to characterize the relationship between indoor and outdoor BC concentrations. The factors may influence indoor BC pollution was collected through a questionnaire, including the basic characteristics of the residential buildings and households, smoking, cooking, window opening behavior, the use of air conditioner or air purifier and so on. Additionally, a linear mixed-effects model or multiple linear regression model was applied to identify the main factors influencing the I/O ratio.
RESULTS: The(M(P25, P75)) concentrations of indoor and outdoor BC for season-pooled analysis were2.84 (2.59, 3.26)μg/m~3 and 3.08 (2.90, 3.63)μg/m~3, respectively. There were significant seasonal differences in both indoor and outdoor concentrations (P<0.05), with higher levels observed during the heating season compared to the non-heating season. There was a strong correlation between indoor and outdoor BC (r_s=0.74). The correlation during the heating season (r_s=0.78) was stronger than that during the non-heating season (r_s=0.44). The ■ of I/O ratio was 0.90±0.11, with 93.5%(29/31)and 86.7%(26/30) of I/O ratios being less than 1 during the heating season and non-heating season, respectively. Statistical analysis also showed that outdoor BCconcentrations were significantly higher than indoors (P<0.05). In season-pooled analysis, the result of the linear mixed-effects model showed that window opening duration was the most important factor affecting the I/O ratio, explaining 21.3%of the total variation. The I/O ratio increased with longer window opening duration. In season-specific analysis, the characteristics of residential buildings (including building age and floor level) and window opening duration were the main factors affecting the I/O ratio during the heating season and non-heating season, respectively in 2016.
CONCLUSIONS: Residents in the urban areas of Beijing experienced relatively high indoor levels of BCpollution, but lower than the outdoor concentration during the same period in 2016. The window opening and the characteristics of residential buildings were the most important factors affecting the I/O ratio of BC.

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Background: Outdoor and indoor air temperature affects human health and wellbeing. Climate change projections suggest that global temperatures will continue to increase and this poses a threat to health. Housing that can protect humans from the adverse effects of temperature is essential, especially in the context of climate change. Method: In this cross-sectional study, we measured indoor temperature inside shipping containers comprising a seven-storey block of apartments and businesses in Johannesburg, South Africa. We assessed indoor temperature and relative humidity; evaluated measured temperatures in relation to thresholds known to be associated with adverse health risks; and sought to understand heat-health perceptions and symptoms of people living and working in shipping container units. Results: Median indoor apparent temperature (AT) (a combination of temperature and relative humidity) was 16 °C with values ranging from 6 °C (observed at 8:00) to 42 °C (observed at 17:00). Insulated units had temperatures between 2°C and 9°C cooler than uninsulated units. Heat-health risks from AT exposure were likely in all units, although there was variation in the number of occurrences that AT measurements exceeded the four symptom bands of caution, extreme caution, danger and extreme danger. Some participants believed that their units were hot during hot weather and most people opened windows or did nothing during hot weather. Few participants reported experiencing adverse heat-health impacts, except for experiencing headaches (n=62, 58%) and feeling tired or weak (40%). Conclusion: Container units should be insulated and have adequate windows for ventilation when used for residential and commercial purposes, especially in hot climates. Awareness regarding heat-health risks of living and working in hot spaces needs to be done, especially in the context of repurposed container units.

BACKGROUND: There is a complex relationship between housing status and substance use, where substance use reduces housing opportunities and being unhoused increases reasons to use substances, and the associated risks and stigma.
METHODS: In this descriptive analysis of people without housing who died of accidental substance-related acute toxicity in Canada, we used death investigation data from a national chart review study of substance-related acute toxicity deaths in 2016 and 2017 to compare sociodemographic factors, health histories, circumstances of death and substances contributing to death of people who were unhoused and people not identified as unhoused, using Pearson chi-square test. The demographic distribution of people who died of acute toxicity was compared with the 2016 Nationally Coordinated Point-In-Time Count of Homelessness in Canadian Communities and the 2016 Census.
RESULTS: People without housing were substantially overrepresented among those who died of acute toxicity in 2016 and 2017 (8.9% versus <1% of the overall population). The acute toxicity event leading to death of people without housing occurred more often in an outdoor setting (24%); an opioid and/or stimulant was identified as contributing to their death more frequently (68%-82%; both contributed in 59% of their deaths); and they were more frequently discharged from an institution in the month before their death (7%).
CONCLUSIONS: We identified several potential opportunities to reduce acute toxicity deaths among people who are unhoused, including during contacts with health care and other institutions, through harm reduction supports for opioid and stimulant use, and by creating safer environments for people without housing.
BACKGROUND: Il existe une relation complexe entre le statut résidentiel et la consommation de substances. En effet, la consommation de substances réduit les perspectives de logement et le fait d’être sans logement augmente les raisons de consommer des substances ainsi que les risques et la stigmatisation qui y sont associés.
UNASSIGNED: Dans cette analyse descriptive des personnes sans logement qui ont perdu la vie en raison d’une intoxication aiguë accidentelle liée à une substance au Canada, nous avons utilisé les données relatives aux enquêtes sur les décès tirées d’une étude nationale d’examen des dossiers concernant les décès par intoxication aiguë due à une substance en 2016 et 2017, afin de comparer les facteurs sociodémographiques, les antécédents médicaux, les circonstances du décès et les substances ayant contribué au décès des personnes sans logement et des personnes non identifiées comme sans logement, au moyen du test du khi carré de Pearson. Nous avons comparé le profil démographique des personnes décédées d’une intoxication aiguë aux données du Dénombrement ponctuel coordonné de l’itinérance dans les collectivités canadiennes de 2016 et du Recensement de 2016.
UNASSIGNED: Les personnes sans logement étaient nettement surreprésentées parmi les personnes décédées d’une intoxication aiguë en 2016 et 2017 (8,9 % contre moins de 1 % de la population générale). L’intoxication aiguë ayant entraîné le décès des personnes sans logement a eu lieu plus souvent à l’extérieur (24 %); un opioïde ou un stimulant a plus fréquemment contribué à leur décès (68 % à 82 %; les deux substances ont été responsables de 59 % des décès) et ces personnes avaient plus souvent été libérées d’un établissement correctionnel ou été autorisées à sortir d’un établissement de soins de santé au cours du mois précédant leur décès (7 %).
CONCLUSIONS: Nous présentons plusieurs possibilités de réduire les décès attribuables à une intoxication aiguë chez les personnes sans logement, notamment lors de la prise de contact avec les services de santé et d’autres établissements, par des mesures de soutien à la réduction des méfaits liés à la consommation d’opioïdes et de stimulants ainsi que par la création d’environnements plus sûrs pour les personnes sans logement.
8.9% of people who died of accidental substance-related acute toxicity in 2016 and 2017 were unhoused at the time of their death compared to less than 1% of the general population in Canada. One in four of the acute toxicity events that lead to death occurred outdoors. People who were unhoused at the time of their death had an opioid and/or stimulant identified as contributing to their death more often than those with housing. Toxicology tests detected opioids and stimulants in combination in more than half of the people who were unhoused at the time of their death.
Parmi les personnes décédées d’une intoxication aiguë accidentelle due à une substance en 2016 et 2017, 8,9 % d’entre elles n’avaient pas de logement au moment de leur décès, contre moins de 1 % de la population générale au Canada. Un quart des intoxications aiguës ayant entraîné le décès a eu lieu à l’extérieur. Les personnes sans logement au moment de leur décès avaient plus souvent un opioïde ou un stimulant identifié comme cause de décès par rapport à celles ayant un logement. Les analyses toxicologiques ont détecté la présence d’opioïdes et de stimulants en combinaison chez plus de la moitié des personnes sans logement au moment de leur décès.

Housing instability has been shown to negatively impact physical and mental health, with a corresponding increase in health care utilization. In 2019, through a Maryland Medicaid 1115 Health Choice Waiver, 10 Baltimore city hospitals joined with the city of Baltimore and the local nonprofit Health Care for the Homeless to support an innovative program that provides permanent housing and wraparound services to individuals at risk of homelessness. Here, we describe the inception of the program and its subsequent expansion with the investment of the city hospitals. Participants in the program experienced a 48% reduction in all hospital visits and a 51% reduction in emergency department visits in the 12 months following their receipt of housing compared to the 12 months before enrollment. These data suggest the potential health benefits of housing and supportive services as an intervention.

BACKGROUND: For transition-aged youth experiencing homelessness (TAYEH) moving to transitional housing, a motivational network intervention (MNI) may help modify high-risk networks, thereby reducing substance use and strengthening prosocial connections.
METHODS: Thirty-six TAYEH received a four-session MNI integrated into usual housing case management or usual case management. Intervention acceptability, feasibility, and motivational interviewing fidelity were evaluated.
RESULTS: Nearly all participants would recommend the MNI to others, formed goals, and believed the program improved their lives. Case managers delivered the program with fidelity. However, sample size and number of sessions delivered fell short of targets due to COVID-19 disruptions and other factors and limited our ability to examine preliminary effects on substance use and network outcomes in a fully powered trial.
CONCLUSIONS: Case managers can successfully deliver the MNI, but its use may not be feasible unless adaptations are made to accommodate the instability this population faces when they enter housing.

Addressing housing insecurity contributes to health care programs as stable housing has positive health benefits. Home environmental hazards may reduce these potential health benefits and could increase morbidity for conditions such as asthma. This study examined housing and indoor air quality among urban low-income households in Colorado to inform housing-insecurity interventions. We conducted a community-engaged study among residents of motels, mobile homes, apartments, and single-family homes that included a survey on the home environment, health, and sociodemographic factors, spirometry, and indoor air quality measurement. We enrolled 60 households: 50% single-family homes, 37% apartments, and 13% residential motels. Perceived stress and depression were higher among motel residents compared with other housing types. We did not find differences in lung function by housing type. Indoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon concentrations were higher in motels than in other housing types. The differential health impacts of housing type support housing programs that jointly address security and quality.

Environmental enrichment is about improving the surroundings in which your animal lives by providing opportunities to express behavioral activity normally, which in turn has a great impact on the animal\'s welfare and productivity. The aim of the present study is to investigate the impact of using different enrichment cage tools (a rubber floor, plastic-colored balls, and a mirror) on rabbits\' physiology, productivity, carcass quality, behavior, and welfare. A total of 84 weaned rabbits (V-line) were randomly and equally assigned to 4 groups, each with 7 replicates (3 rabbits/replicate). The 1st rabbit group (T1) served as a control, while the 2nd group (T2) was enriched with rubber floors. The 3rd group (T3) was enriched with plastic-colored balls, and the 4th group (T4) was enriched with mirrors. Productive traits, including the weekly body weight and feed intake, as well as the carcass characteristics, were measured. Hematological parameters and biochemical constituents were determined according to the reference\'s description. Furthermore, behavioral activities, such as walking, resting, feeding, and drinking, were observed. According to the results, enriching the rabbit cages with plastic-colored balls and mirrors improved the marketing body weight and feed conversion rate. It also improved carcass quality characteristics, such as the carcass weight and dressing percentage. The T3 and T4 rabbits had higher RBCS, Hb, and hematocrit levels as well as lower WBCS levels. They also had significantly higher total protein, globulin, glucose, AST, and IgG values than other treatments. In addition, they had significantly lower corticosterone levels and fear responses. Therefore, it is recommended to use plastic-colored balls and mirrors for rabbit farming for better productivity, behavior, and welfare.