UNASSIGNED: Telerehabilitation as a new subdiscipline of telehealth is the application of information technology to support and deliver rehabilitation services via two-way or multipoint interactive online telecommunication technology. This enables the therapist to optimize the timing, intensity, and duration of therapy which is often not possible within the constraints of face-to-face treatment protocols in current health systems.
UNASSIGNED: To review the historical perspective and conceptual framework of telerehabilitation in neurological disorders.
UNASSIGNED: A narrative review of the literature was performed for the historical perspective and a systematic review of the conceptual framework was performed using the PRISMA guidelines on chronic neurological disorders; multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, stroke, Parkinson\'s disease, cognitive impairment, and headaches. The search included articles from the past 20 years (2004 to 2024).
UNASSIGNED: Telerehabilitation dates back to the 1960s and early 1970s. Documented effective interventions were mostly on therapies for speech disorders. The conceptual framework consisted of three major components of telerehabilitation programmes including development, implementation, and evaluation. The COVID-19 pandemic suddenly made telerehabilitation come to the limelight because physical distancing became necessary. Out of the 110,000 articles downloaded, 43 met the inclusion criteria for review on the conceptual framework of telerehabilitation in relation to neurological disorders. The articles discussed multiple sclerosis (2), spinal cord disorders (1), stroke (17), Parkinson\'s disease (15), headaches (3), and cognitive disorders (5). All articles reviewed assessed the effectiveness of telemedicine except for the articles on multiple sclerosis and spinal cord disorders which examined the interphase between the technology and the end users.
UNASSIGNED: The future of telerehabilitation looks promising with the subsequent integration of innovative tools and applications. This will require the adaption of technology, continuous capacity building, education, and training of healthcare professionals to ensure that they are adequately equipped with the necessary skills to provide quality virtual reality rehabilitation care.

This article offers an extensive review of the changing field of mental health therapies, charting a transformational path from traditional methods to modern breakthroughs and speculating on potential future developments. The story develops by investigating historical viewpoints while reflecting on the present and highlighting the lessons learned and their impact on contemporary practices. We have advanced from the stigmatized constraints of asylums to a paradigm that puts human rights, dignity, and individualized, culturally sensitive treatment first. Modern methods are much more varied and evidence-based, from cutting-edge technical advancements to evidence-based psychotherapies. The ethical considerations arising from the delicate balance of pharmacological therapies underline the responsibility of administering drugs that significantly affect mental health. Cultural factors become a pillar, highlighting how crucial cultural sensitivity is to promoting tolerance. By acknowledging how many facets of the human experience are interrelated, holistic methods help close the gap between the mind and body. Integrative medicine and alternative therapies represent a shift away from reductionist approaches and toward a holistic viewpoint. The delivery of mental health treatment is being reimagined by technological advancements, with virtual and digital environments opening up new access and support channels. These developments cut beyond regional boundaries, reinventing conventional therapy dynamics and paving the way for individualized therapies. Cultural concerns highlight the significance of cultural competency in navigating the complex mental health treatment system and adapting interventions to fit the particular requirements of various cultural contexts. With telepsychiatry, virtual reality, and artificial intelligence among the new technologies that promise to further revolutionize mental health therapies, the essay looks to the future. This review concludes by imagining a day when mental health is prioritized, therapies are available, and the diversity of human experience is valued. The path to a society that values, nurtures, and celebrates mental health continues.

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The field of childhood disability has undergone a sea-change in the past two decades. Remarkably, 70 years ago, the ideas now taking root were expressed with poignant clarity by Ireland\'s Christy Brown, providing lessons that were there to be learned, illustrating why \'My Left Foot\' remains a singular contribution to the literature about child development and disability.
The World Health Organization\'s 2001 reconsideration of \'disability\' (the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health or ICF) has spawned considerable uptake and adaptation of contemporary concepts, notably with the \'F-Words for Childhood Disability\' (now the \'F-words for Child Development\'). Published in 1954, Christy Brown\'s ground-breaking poetic autobiography \'My Left Foot\' resonates today with messages that bring the ICF to life vividly and memorably.
The author, a developmental paediatrician, has refracted the themes of \'My Left Foot\' through an ICF lens to illustrate that concepts now considered modern have long been in plain sight, but sadly ignored. Christy Brown\'s first-person narrative animates ideas and messages for all who work in the field of childhood disability.
This essay is a personal reflection that draws together both contemporary 21st century concepts and ideas from the time that Christy Brown was a young author reporting his perspectives and perceptions on living with \'disability\'.
The lessons Christy Brown generously shared 70 years ago should be heeded today. In the context of modern thinking and action regarding \'childhood disability\', we need an approach to all we do that sees and respects children with \'disabilities\' as whole people, that situates them in the context of family and community, that identifies and promotes their strengths and aspirations within both the health professional community and the community at large and enables them to \'become\' and to \'belong\'.

Optometry education in Nepal began in 1998 in collaboration with the University of Auckland, New Zealand, with the primary objective of addressing the unmet needs of eye health and vision care. Over the last two decades, the development of optometry education has seen significant progress, including a shift from a three-year to a four-year curriculum, an increase in the uptake of students, and recent launches of two additional bachelor\'s degree and a master\'s degree programmes. Complementary to the educational progress, several professional advances have occurred in the intervening years. These include the formation of the Nepalese Association of Optometrists that oversees the professional development and the rights, welfare, security, and protection of Optometrists, memberships into the World Council of optometry and the Asia Pacific Council of optometry, integration of the profession into the governmental regulatory body Nepal Health Professional Council, and formulation of the code of ethics and minimum requirements for a Bachelor\'s level University degree in optometry. This article briefly presents the historical events leading to the establishment of optometry in Nepal and the evolution of the program in the intervening years.

Growing empirical evidence reveals that traditional set-theoretic structures cannot in general be applied to cognitive phenomena. This has raised several problems, as illustrated, for example, by probability judgement errors and decision-making (DM) errors. We propose here a unified theoretical perspective which applies the mathematical formalism of quantum theory in Hilbert space to cognitive domains. In this perspective, judgements and decisions are described as intrinsically non-deterministic processes which involve a contextual interaction between a conceptual entity and the cognitive context surrounding it. When a given phenomenon is considered, the quantum-theoretic framework identifies entities, states, contexts, properties and outcome statistics, and applies the mathematical formalism of quantum theory to model the considered phenomenon. We explain how the quantum-theoretic framework works in a variety of judgement and decision situations where systematic and significant deviations from classicality occur.

Dentoalveolar surgery, formerly known as dental surgery or oral surgery, is one of the basic branches of oral and maxillofacial surgery. While it has a long history; however, there are great differences in its evolution globally. This article presents a brief review on the development of dentoalveolar surgery internationally. Furthermore, a systematic review on its development in China, is detailed in 6 stages. However, while its development in China since 2005 has been most profound, improvements are still needed in treatment concepts, instruments, treatment processes, attention to high-risk populations and cooperation with other dental/medical disciplines. Future projections based on present standards of care are also presented.

OBJECTIVE: This article covers violence prevention (homicide and suicide) activities in the African American community for nearly 50 years.
METHODS: Drawing on lived experience the works of early and recent efforts by African American physicians, the author illustrates we know a great deal about violence prevention in the African American community.
RESULTS: There remains challenges of implementation and political will. Further, most physicians, like the public, are confused about the realities of homicide and suicide because of the two different presentations both are given in the media and scientific literature.
CONCLUSIONS: Responses to homicide and suicides should be based on science not distorted media reports. There are violence prevention principles that, if widely implemented, could stem the tide of violence.

Historical and current concepts of in vitro fibrillogenesis are considered in the light of disorders in which amyloid is deposited at anatomic sites remote from the site of synthesis of the corresponding precursor protein. These clinical conditions set constraints on the interpretation of information derived from in vitro fibrillogenesis studies. They suggest that in addition to kinetic and thermodynamic factors identified in vitro, fibrillogenesis in vivo is determined by site specific factors most of which have yet to be identified.