UNASSIGNED: Cellblock (CB) with immunohistochemistry (IHC) is practically indispensable in the diagnostic workup of serous effusions; however, CB requires a minimum of 15-20 h for routine histopathological processing. A reduction in processing time can expedite a faster diagnosis.
UNASSIGNED: This study was undertaken to evaluate the utility of the heat-induced CB (HICB) technique.
UNASSIGNED: Two sets of agar-embedded CBs were processed from 50 effusion samples. CBs were further processed by conventional and rapid methods. Conventional CBs (CCB) were processed in a histoprocessor, whereas rapid CB was processed in a heated water bath with an agitation facility. For HICB processing, dehydration and clearing were performed at 50°C followed by paraffin wax impregnation at 65°C temperature. From both CBs, sections of 5 um thickness were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H and E). Cell morphology, cost, and time were compared between the two methods. The feasibility of IHC was attempted in a few cases.
UNASSIGNED: HICB was completed within 4.30 h compared with CCB. Diagnoses on both CBs were concordant in all the cases. Incomplete dehydration was noted in six (12%) cases, but the diagnosis was not compromised. No additional cost was involved in HICB. On IHC, both HICB and CCB exhibited equivalent expression.
UNASSIGNED: HICB is a rapid, innovative, simple, and cost-effective technique and expedites faster diagnosis. It does not require any advanced equipment.

Herein, a nonreversible heat-induced supramolecular gel based on natural products was reported for the first time. This natural triterpenoid, fupenzic acid (FA), isolated from the roots of Rosa laevigata, was discovered to be capable of forming supramolecular gel spontaneously in 50 % ethanol-water solution induced by heating. Distinguished from the common thermosensitive gels, the FA-gel showed a distinctive nonreversible phase transition from the liquid to gel state upon heating. In this work, the entire gelation process of FA-gel induced by heating was recorded digitally by microrheology monitor. And a unique heat-induced gelation mechanism based on self-assembled FA has been proposed by using various experimental methods and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Its excellent injectability and stability were also demonstrated. Furthermore, the FA-gel had been evaluated to exhibit better anti-tumor activity and higher biosafety comparing with its equivalent free-drug, which opened up a new possibility to reinforce antitumor efficacy by using natural product gelator originated from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) without any complicated chemical modifications.

N,N-dimethylpiperidinium (mepiquat) is a new process-induced compound formed from natural constituents during the cooking process. Mepiquat was first found in coffee and cereal products, but its formation mechanism in coffee is still unclear. In the current study, Arabica and Robusta coffee beans were roasted at different temperatures (215, 220, and 230 °C) to study the effect of roasting process on mepiquat formation. The highest mepiquat content, 1,020 µg/kg, was found in dark roast (230 °C) Indonesia Wahana, while 430 µg/kg of mepiquat was detected in medium roast (220 °C) Vietnam Robusta. At the same roasting temperature, higher level of mepiquat was observed in Arabica than in Robusta. In both species, substances related to mepiquat formation, including betaine, choline, trigonelline, lysine, carnitine, pipecolic acid (PipAc), pipecolic acid betaine (PipBet), were also detected. The lysine-based Maillard reaction and decarboxylation in Arabica and Robusta promoted mepiquat formation through the degradation of choline and trigonelline, and the formation of intermediate products. Results from both the model system and selected commercial beans showed that choline and trigonelline had a significant correlation (P < 0.01) with mepiquat formation in Arabica. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Mepiquat is considered as a new process-induced compound resulting from typical roasting conditions, but its formation mechanism in coffee is still unclear. This work demonstrates the formation mechanism of mepiquat by many precursor substances contained in Arabica and Robusta. It is very important to figure out how mepiquat is \'\'naturally\" present in daily diets, especially in those processed at high temperatures.

In this study, silver nanostructures decorated magnetic nanoparticles for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements were prepared via heat induced catalytic activity of ZnO nanostructures. The ZnO/Fe3O4 composite was first prepared by dispersing pre-formed magnetic nanoparticles into alkaline zinc nitrate solutions. After annealing of the precipitates, the formed ZnO/Fe3O4 composites were successfully decorated with silver nanostructures by dispersing the composites into silver nitrate/ethylene glycol solution at 95 °C in water bath. To find the optimal condition when preparing Ag/ZnO/Fe3O4 composites for SERS measurements, factors such as reaction time and concentration of silver nitrate were studied. Results indicated that the formation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on ZnO/Fe3O4 was significantly improved with the assistance of ZnO. The concentration of silver nitrate and reaction time affected the morphologies and sizes of the formed composites and optimal condition in preparation of the composites for SERS measurement was found using 100 mM of silver nitrate with a reaction time of 20 min. Under optimized conditions, the obtained SERS intensities were highly reproducible. The substrates were applied for quantitative analysis of uric acid in aqueous solution and a linear response for concentrations up to 10 μM was obtained. Successful application of these prepared composites to determine uric acid in urine sample without any pretreatment of the urine sample was done.

The color changes corresponding to chromophore structures in lignin caused by exposure of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis and E. urophylla) to heat were investigated. Eucalyptus wood powders were heat treated under saturated steam atmospheres for 10 h at 110 °C, 130 °C and 150 °C. The lignin was isolated before and after heat treatment. The physicochemical properties of the lignin and changes in chromophore structures during heat treatment was evaluated through wet chemical analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), diffuse reflectance ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (DRUV-Vis), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and 13C Cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CPMAS NMR). Wood color darkened and reddened with the increase in pressure and temperature. Depolymerization and dehydration reactions occurred via demethoxylation with heat treatment in saturated steam at 110 °C or 130 °C. Lignin condensed to form insoluble compounds after heat treatment in saturated steam at 150 °C. G units increased and S units decreased through demethylation during heat treatment, as revealed by FTIR and 13C-NMR analysis.

2-monochloropropanediol (2-MCPD), 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD) and their fatty acid esters have recently been identified as heat-induced contaminants in fat- and salt-containing foodstuff. Toxicity of 3-MCPD has been studied previously in some detail. Disturbance of glycolysis and cellular redox functions appear to be involved in 3-MCPD toxicity. By contrast, only very few toxicological data are available for 2-MCPD or 2-MCPD esters, especially at the molecular level. This study was therefore aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of proteomic alterations induced in rat kidney and liver by 2-MCPD and 2-MCPD dipalmitate, a representative 2-MCPD fatty acid ester. Sub-toxic doses of 10 mg/kg body weight 2-MCPD, or equimolar doses of 2-MCPD dipalmitate were applied in a 28-day in vivo gavage oral toxicity study in male rats. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass-spectrometric protein identification using material from 5 animals per treatment group were employed together with bioinformatic data mining to obtain information about the molecular basis of the observed proteomic alterations. Obtained data indicate toxic consequences of 2-MCPD exposure in the kidney and provide evidence that 2-MCPD exerts its cellular effects in rat kidney by mechanisms different from 3-MCPD.

Many endodontically treated teeth require a post to improve the retention of the coronal restoration, which necessitates removal of the coronal part of the gutta-percha from the canal by thermal method, among other techniques. However, this technique carries the risk of heat conduction to the attachment unit of the periodontium and infliction of permanent damage especially in cases where the remaining root\'s dentin walls are thin. The overall objective of this article is to report on the clinical manifestations, histologic description, and periodontal management of three cases of heat-induced damage following thermal removal of gutta-percha.

In order to elucidate the heat-induced wheat gluten gel formation mechanism, changes in chemical interactions and protein conformation were investigated during gelation. The contribution of ionic and hydrogen bonds were found to decrease from 0.746 and 4.133g/L to 0.397 and 2.733g/L, respectively, as the temperature increased from 25 to 90°C. Moreover, the free SH content remarkably decreased from 37.91 to 19.79μmol/g during gelation. Ultraviolet absorption spectra and intrinsic fluorescence spectra suggested that wheat gluten unfolded during the heating process. In addition, wheat gluten gels treated at 80 and 90°C exhibited a \"steric hindrance\" effect, which can be attributed to the formation of aggregates. Fourier transform infrared spectra suggested that the random coil content increased at low temperatures (40 and 50°C), whereas the content of intermolecular β-sheets due to protein aggregation increased from 38.10% to 44.28% when the gelation temperature was 90°C.