OBJECTIVE: To identify and evaluate conceptual frameworks intended to guide reproductive health research among women with physical disabilities.
METHODS: Discussion paper.
METHODS: We identified and evaluated frameworks related to the reproductive health of women with physical disabilities using modified criteria by Fawcett and DeSanto-Madeya with constructs from the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health.
METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of literature published from 2001 to 2024 in four databases.
RESULTS: Our review revealed two frameworks: (1) A perinatal health framework for women with physical disabilities is applicable to studies that consider multiple socioecological determinants in pregnancy; (2) A conceptual framework of reproductive health in the context of physical disabilities can guide the development of patient-reported outcome measures for a range of reproductive health outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS: The identified frameworks have high potential to guide studies that can improve the reproductive health of women with physical disabilities. However, they have low social congruence among racially and ethnically minoritized women.
CONCLUSIONS: Future frameworks must take an intersectional approach and consider the compounding injustices of ableism, racism, classism and ageism on reproductive health. A holistic approach that is inherent to the discipline of nursing is essential to address these knowledge gaps.
CONCLUSIONS: The reproductive health of women with disabilities is a research priority. Nurses and other researchers can select the framework most applicable to their research questions to guide study designs and should incorporate multi-level determinants to eliminate reproductive health disparities.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate social drivers of health and how they impact pediatric oncology patients\' clinical outcomes during pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission via correlation with patient ZIP codes.
METHODS: Demographic, clinical, and outcome variables from Virtual Pediatric Systems®, LLC for oncology patients (2009-2021) in California PICUs (excluding postoperative) using 3-digit ZIP Codes with social drivers of health variables linguistic isolation, poverty, race/ethnicity, and education abstracted from American Community Survey data for 3-digit ZIP Codes using the Environmental Protection Agency\'s EJScreen tool. Outcomes of length of stay (LOS), mortality, acuity scores, were compared with social variables.
RESULTS: Positive correlation between mortality and minority racial groups (Hispanic/Latino) across ZIP Codes (correlation coefficients of 0.45 (95% CI: 0.22-0.64, p < 0.001) in 2017, 0.50 (95% CI: 0.27-0.68, p < 0.001) in 2018, 0.33 (95% CI: 0.07-0.54, p = 0.013) in 2020, and 0.32 (95% CI: 0.06-0.53, p = 0.018) in 2021). Median PICU length of stay significantly correlated with linguistic isolation (coefficient of 0.42 (95% CI: 0.18-0.61, p = 0.001) in 2021 versus -0.41 (95% CI: -0.61 to -0.16, p = 0.002) in 2019), which included PRISMIII (n = 7417). Mixed effects logistic regression model for other constant variables (PRISMIII, cancer type, race/ethnicity, year), random effect of patient, linguistic isolation (percentage as a continuous value) was significantly associated (95% CI: 1.01-1.06; p = 0.02) with mortality; (OR = 1.03).
CONCLUSIONS: Linguistic isolation was correlated with LOS and mortality, however variable year to year.

BACKGROUND: The concept of collaborative approaches involves community residents in joint decision-making processes to maintain or enhance their material and social conditions. During COVID-19, public services saw the benefits of actively collaborating with communities and involving residents in decision-making processes. As communities have resources and assets, they are well-placed to contribute to developing local health and wellbeing initiatives. An interdisciplinary and nationally funded three-phase research programme, \"Mobilising community assets to tackle health inequalities\", was established with the objective of utilising local, cultural, and natural assets to support health and wellbeing. The current study aimed to synthesise evidence collected by research teams awarded funding in phase one of the programme, comprising academic and non-academic, health and social care, voluntary and community partners.
METHODS: Ten online focus groups were conducted with research teams from across the UK exploring the successes and challenges of partnership working to tackle health inequalities using collaborative approaches to community-based research. Eight focus group questions were split between partnership working and health inequalities.
RESULTS: Thematic and content analysis produced 185 subthemes from which 12 themes were identified. Major themes representing an above average number of coded responses were research evidence; funding; relationships with partners; health inequalities and deprivation; community involvement; and health service and integrated care systems. Minor themes were link workers and social prescribing; training and support; place-based factors; longevity of programmes; setting up and scaling up programmes; and mental health.
CONCLUSIONS: Successes included employing practice-based and arts-based methods, being part of a research project for those not normally involved in research, sharing funding democratically, building on established relationships, and the vital role that local assets play in involving communities. Challenges involved a lack of sustainable financial support, the short-term nature of funding, inconsistencies in reaching the poorest people, obtaining the right sort of research evidence, making sufficient research progress, building relationships with already over-burdened health care staff, and redressing the balance of power in favour of communities. Despite the challenges, participants were mainly optimistic that collective approaches and meaningful co-production would create opportunities for future research partnerships with communities.

The WHO\'s World Health Day 2024 slogan, \"My health, my right,\" has been unpacked through the lens of an evolving social epidemiological understanding. The operative part of the theme merely reiterates international positions that have been established for a long and is unable to adequately incorporate advances in the understanding of the central role that structural determinants play in the production of ill-health. Given the urgency of addressing Sustainable Development Goal and Universal Health Coverage goals, the reduction of health inequities through the promotion of social justice is as much a governance imperative as moral.

OBJECTIVE: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) care cascade data by race/ethnicity for US correctional populations are sparse.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the HCV care cascade by race/ethnicity for a state correctional population.
METHODS: This retrospective cohort study used Connecticut Department of Correction data for incarcerated individuals tested, diagnosed, and treated for chronic HCV infection with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) from 2019 to 2023.
METHODS: HCV care cascade outcomes, including testing, treatment, and cure rates, were compared by race/ethnicity. Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs), with adjustment for demographic and legal status factors.
RESULTS: A total of 24,867 patients tested for HCV (88.9% men, mean (SD) age 35.6 (11.8), 32.7% White, 37.9% Black, 28.4% Hispanic, 0.6% Asian, 0.4% American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN), 34.7% sentenced ≥ 1 year). Both HCV exposure and chronic HCV were highest for White (27.1% and 15.2%) and lowest for Black individuals (4.6% and 2.6%) (P < 0.01, for both outcomes). While incarcerated, 63.2% of chronic HCV patients started DAAs, and treatment rates did not significantly differ by race/ethnicity (P > 0.05). For those treated and having post-treatment lab data available, cure rates were 98.8% or better for all racial/ethnic groups (P > 0.05). In the adjusted regression analyses, HCV treatment initiation was lower for those sentenced < 1 year (PR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.67-0.87) and unsentenced (PR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.80-0.91) than those sentenced ≥ 1 year. The adjusted prevalence of advanced fibrosis stage/activity grade was not significantly associated with race/ethnicity.
CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort study, less than two-thirds of chronic HCV patients initiated DAA treatment during their incarceration, and for those with available data, nearly all were cured. While there were disparities in HCV exposure and chronic HCV infection, significant racial/ethnic differences were not observed for treatment initiation or cure rates. Further efforts are needed to increase HCV treatment, especially for patients with shorter incarceration periods.

This article provides a summary of Viewpoint and Research articles responding to the 2020 Journal of Managed Care + Specialty Pharmacy Call to Action to address racial and social inequities in medication use. We find great heterogeneity in terms of topic, clinical condition examined, and health disparity addressed. Common recommendations across Viewpoint articles include the need to increase racial and ethnic diversity in clinical trial participants, the need to address drug affordability and health insurance literacy, and the need to incentivize providers and plans to participate in diversity initiatives, such as the better capture of information on social determinants of health (SDOH) in claims data to be able to address SDOH needs. Across research articles, we also find a large range of approaches and study designs, spanning from randomized controlled trials to surveys to observational studies. These articles identify disparities in which minoritized beneficiaries are shown to be less likely to receive medications and vaccines, as well as less likely to be adherent to medications, across a variety of conditions. Finally, we discuss Healthy People 2030 as a potential framework for future health disparity researchers.

UNASSIGNED: The strategic response of nurses in addressing health inequities in marginal sectors led to the conduct of a health leadership governance training program for local chief executives.
UNASSIGNED: This study aimed to explore and provide a description of the experiences of local chief executives (LCEs) or mayors who participated in the nurse-initiated health training named Municipal Leadership and Governance Program (MLGP).
UNASSIGNED: A qualitative descriptive design was used through key informant interviews of fifteen mayors or local chief executives (LCE) in the provinces of Bohol and Negros Oriental, Philippines. Data were collected from 16 to 20 November 2022 and analyzed using a thematic approach.
UNASSIGNED: The findings generated six themes: a) Leadership capacitation promoting transformative experience, b) Pandemic and program-induced limitations in the training implementation, c) Personal leadership motivation, d) Experiential learning promoting learning as applied in real-world situations, e) Celebrating leadership transformation, and f) 3R\'s of MLGP: revisit, review, recommend.
UNASSIGNED: The realizations of the training participants provided valuable implications for the quality of training offered by nurse leaders who advocated the MLGP implementation. It served as a proactive and responsive approach to the health leadership capacitation of mayors. It guided them in their personal realizations that inspired them to apply what they had learned and enabled them to effect experiences of personal to institutional transformation.

UNASSIGNED: Emergency medical services (EMS) are often patients\' first point of contact for urgent and emergency care needs. Patients are triaged over the phone and may receive an ambulance response, with potential conveyance to the hospital. A recent scoping review suggested disparities in EMS patient care in the United States. However, it is unknown how health inequalities impact EMS care in other developed countries and how inequalities are being addressed.
UNASSIGNED: This rapid evidence map of published literature aims to map known health inequalities in EMS patients and describe interventions reducing health inequalities in EMS patient care.
UNASSIGNED: The search strategy consisted of EMS synonyms and health inequality synonyms. The MEDLINE/PubMed database was searched from 1 January 2010 to 26 July 2022. Studies were included if they described empirical research exploring health inequalities within ambulance service patient care. Studies were mapped on to the EMS care interventions framework and Core20PLUS5 framework. Studies evaluating interventions were synthesised using the United Kingdom Allied Health Professions Public Health Strategic Framework.
UNASSIGNED: The search strategy yielded 771 articles, excluding duplicates, with two more studies added from hand searches. One hundred studies met the inclusion criteria after full-text review. Inequalities in EMS patient care were predominantly situated in assessment, treatment and conveyance, although triage and response performance were also represented. Studies mostly explored EMS health inequalities within ethnic minority populations, populations with protected characteristics and the core issue of social deprivation. Studies evaluating interventions reducing health inequalities (n = 5) were from outside the United Kingdom and focused on older patients, ethnic minorities and those with limited English proficiency. Interventions included community paramedics, awareness campaigns, dedicated language lines and changes to EMS protocols.
UNASSIGNED: Further UK-based research exploring health inequalities of EMS patients would support ambulance service policy and intervention development to reduce health inequality in urgent and emergency care delivery.

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While significant progress has been made in reducing disparities within the US health care system, notable gaps remain. This article explores existing disparities within pediatric congenital heart disease care. Congenital heart disease, the most common birth defect and a leading cause of infant death, has garnered substantial attention, revealing certain disparities within the US health care system. Factors such as race, ethnicity, insurance coverage, socioeconomic status, and geographic location are all commonalities that significantly affect health disparities in pediatric congenital heart disease. This comprehensive review sheds light on disparities from diverse perspectives in pediatric care, demonstrates the inequities and inequalities leading to these disparities, presents effective solutions, and issues a call to action for providers, institutions, and the health care system. Recognizing and addressing these disparities is imperative for ensuring equitable care and enhancing the long-term well-being of children affected by congenital heart disease. Implementing robust, evidence-based frameworks that promote responsible and safe interventions is fundamental to enduring change.