霉菌毒素是由各种丝状真菌产生的次级代谢产物,包括曲霉,镰刀菌,青霉,Alternaria,Claviceps,Mucor,木霉,赤霉,Myrothecium,Pyrenophora,和Stachybotrys.它们会污染各种植物或动物食品,导致营养和商业价值的显著损失。几个因素有助于霉菌毒素的产生,比如湿度,温度,氧气水平,真菌物种,和底物。当被污染的食物被动物和人类食用时,霉菌毒素被迅速吸收,影响肝脏,导致代谢紊乱.对人类和动物的有害影响包括减少食物摄入量和产奶量,生育率降低,堕胎风险增加,受损的免疫反应,增加了疾病的发生。因此,必须实施霉菌毒素控制策略,大致分类为防止真菌污染和解毒其有毒化合物。这篇综述旨在讨论霉菌毒素的各个方面,包括它们的发生,和潜在的风险。此外,它概述了霉菌毒素解毒策略,包括使用霉菌毒素吸收剂,作为消除或减轻霉菌毒素和掩蔽霉菌毒素对人类和动物健康的有害影响的潜在技术,同时保留受影响食品的营养和商业价值。
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by various filamentous fungi, including Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Alternaria, Claviceps, Mucor, Trichoderma, Trichothecium, Myrothecium, Pyrenophora, and Stachybotrys. They can contaminate various plants or animal foods, resulting in a significant loss of nutritional and commercial value. Several factors contribute to mycotoxin production, such as humidity, temperature, oxygen levels, fungal species, and substrate. When contaminated food is consumed by animals and humans, mycotoxins are rapidly absorbed, affecting the liver, and causing metabolic disorders. The detrimental effects on humans and animals include reduced food intake and milk production, reduced fertility, increased risk of abortion, impaired immune response, and increased occurrence of diseases. Therefore, it is imperative to implement strategies for mycotoxin control, broadly classified as preventing fungal contamination and detoxifying their toxic compounds. This review aims to discuss various aspects of mycotoxins, including their occurrence, and risk potential. Additionally, it provides an overview of mycotoxin detoxification strategies, including the use of mycotoxin absorbents, as potential techniques to eliminate or mitigate the harmful effects of mycotoxins and masked mycotoxins on human and animal health while preserving the nutritional and commercial value of affected food products.