背景:空气污染对全球公共卫生构成重大威胁。虽然存在广泛的缓解政策,对经济后果的理解,在健康益处和缓解成本方面,仍然缺乏。本研究系统地回顾了全球空气污染控制策略的现有经济影响。
方法:预定义的搜索策略,没有区域或研究设计的限制,被用来搜索PubMed,Scopus,科克伦图书馆,Embase,WebofScience,和CEA注册数据库,用于从开始到2023年11月的研究,使用“成本效益分析”等关键词,“空气污染”,和“颗粒物”。重点放在专门考虑空气污染控制策略对健康有益的研究上。通过污染控制策略对证据进行了总结,并使用了诸如净收益和收益成本比之类的原理经济评估措施进行了报告。
结果:搜索产生了104项符合纳入标准的研究。总共有75、21和8项研究评估了户外的成本和收益,室内,和混合控制策略,分别,其中54、15和3报告说,控制策略的收益超过了缓解成本。源头减少(n=42)和管道末端处理(n=15)是最常用的污染控制方法。颗粒物(PM)与死亡率之间的关联是评估最广泛的暴露-效应关系,并且具有最大的健康收益(n=42)。共有32项研究采用了更广泛的福利框架,研究空气污染控制策略对环境的影响,生态学,和社会。其中,31项研究报告了部分或全部积极的经济证据。然而,尽管有大量证据支持这些策略,这些研究还强调了一些关于公平的政策缺陷,优化,和不确定性表征。
结论:近70%的综述研究报告说,实施空气污染控制策略的经济效益超过了相对成本。这主要是由于与降低PM水平相关的死亡率和发病率的提高。除了健康益处,空气污染控制策略也与其他环境和社会效益相关,加强实施的经济理由。然而,未来的空气污染控制策略设计将需要解决一些现有的政策限制。
BACKGROUND: Air pollution poses a significant threat to global public health. While broad mitigation policies exist, an understanding of the economic consequences, both in terms of health benefits and mitigation costs, remains lacking. This study systematically reviewed the existing economic implications of air pollution control strategies worldwide.
METHODS: A predefined search strategy, without limitations on region or study design, was employed to search the PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, and CEA registry databases for studies from their inception to November 2023 using keywords such as \"cost-benefit analyses\", \"air pollution\", and \"particulate matter\". Focus was placed on studies that specifically considered the health benefits of air pollution control strategies. The evidence was summarized by pollution control strategy and reported using principle economic evaluation measurements such as net benefits and benefit-cost ratios.
RESULTS: The search yielded 104 studies that met the inclusion criteria. A total of 75, 21, and 8 studies assessed the costs and benefits of outdoor, indoor, and mixed control strategies, respectively, of which 54, 15, and 3 reported that the benefits of the control strategy exceeded the mitigation costs. Source reduction (n = 42) and end-of-pipe treatments (n = 15) were the most commonly employed pollution control methodologies. The association between particulate matter (PM) and mortality was the most widely assessed exposure-effect relationship and had the largest health gains (n = 42). A total of 32 studies employed a broader benefits framework, examining the impacts of air pollution control strategies on the environment, ecology, and society. Of these, 31 studies reported partially or entirely positive economic evidence. However, despite overwhelming evidence in support of these strategies, the studies also highlighted some policy flaws concerning equity, optimization, and uncertainty characterization.
CONCLUSIONS: Nearly 70% of the reviewed studies reported that the economic benefits of implementing air pollution control strategies outweighed the relative costs. This was primarily due to the improved mortality and morbidity rates associated with lowering PM levels. In addition to health benefits, air pollution control strategies were also associated with other environmental and social benefits, strengthening the economic case for implementation. However, future air pollution control strategy designs will need to address some of the existing policy limitations.