目标:了解人们对大流行的反应需要考虑个人在优先事项和关注点上的差异。本研究试图了解认知评估过程中的个体差异如何减轻三种COVID特定因素的影响-困难,担心,和社会支持报告抑郁症。
方法:这项关于COVID-19大流行的社会心理影响的纵向研究包括771人,他们在15.5个月的三个时间点获得了数据。参与者是从慢性病或一般人群样本中招募的。抑郁是通过项目反应理论验证的抑郁指数进行测量的,该指数使用现有措施中反映与患者健康问卷8相似的内容的项目创建。COVID特有的困难因素,担心,和社会支持的评估项目由美国国立卫生研究院汇编。生活质量评估简介2简短形式评估了认知评估过程。一系列随机效应模型检验了评估是否调节了艰苦的影响,担心,随着时间的推移,抑郁症的社会支持。
结果:随着时间的推移,低社会支持与抑郁之间的关联更大(p=0.0181)。强调负面情绪与抑郁加剧有关,特别是对于那些社会支持较低的人(p=0.0007)。除非经历更大的困难,否则专注于需求和习惯与抑郁加剧有关(p=0.0074)。对于那些在大流行早期担忧得分较高的人来说,最近的变化与抑郁之间有更强的积极联系,但在大流行后期,担忧得分较低的人的正相关更强(p=0.0015)。增加对比较标准的认可,强调消极,问题目标,健康目标与更差的抑郁评分相关(所有p<0.0001)。年轻的人,已禁用,或更难以支付账单也报告了更严重的抑郁(p分别<0.0001,0.0001和0.002)。
结论:在总体水平上,在大流行过程中,特定于COVID的压力源发生了变化,而抑郁和社会支持资源似乎稳定。然而,更深入的分析揭示了巨大的个体差异。认知评估过程在个体之间显示出相当大的差异,并随着时间的推移缓和了COVID特定压力源和资源的影响。需要未来的工作来调查指导个人远离适应不良的认知评估过程是否可以减少抑郁并带来更好的整体幸福感。
OBJECTIVE: Understanding people\'s response to the pandemic needs to consider individual differences in priorities and concerns. The present study sought to understand how individual differences in cognitive-appraisal processes might moderate the impact of three COVID-specific factors-
hardship, worry, and social support-on reported depression.
METHODS: This longitudinal study of the psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic included 771 people with data at three timepoints over 15.5 months. Participants were recruited from panels of chronically ill or general population samples. Depression was measured by an item response theory validated depression index created using items from existing measures that reflected similar content to the Patient Health Questionnaire-8. COVID-specific factors of
hardship, worry, and social support were assessed with items compiled by the National Institutes of Health. The Quality of Life Appraisal Profilev2 Short-Form assessed cognitive appraisal processes. A series of random effects models examined whether appraisal moderated the effects of
hardship, worry, and social support on depression over time.
RESULTS: Over time the association between low social support and depression was greater (p = 0.0181). Emphasizing the negative was associated with exacerbated depression, in particular for those with low social support (p = 0.0007). Focusing on demands and habituation was associated with exacerbated depression unless one experienced greater
hardship (p = 0.0074). There was a stronger positive connection between recent changes and depression for those people with higher worry scores early in the pandemic as compared to later, but a stronger positive correlation for those with lower worry scores later in the pandemic (p = 0.0015). Increased endorsement of standards of comparison, emphasizing the negative, problem goals, and health goals was associated with worse depression scores (all p < 0.0001). People who were younger, disabled, or had greater difficulty paying bills also reported worse depression (p < 0.0001, 0.0001, and 0.002, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS: At the aggregate level, COVID-specific stressors changed over the course of the pandemic, whereas depression and social-support resources seemed stable. However, deeper analysis revealed substantial individual differences. Cognitive-appraisal processes showed considerable variability across individuals and moderated the impact of COVID-specific stressors and resources over time. Future work is needed to investigate whether coaching individuals away from maladaptive cognitive-appraisal processes can reduce depression and lead to better overall well-being.