流行病学家经常采用统计过程控制工具,像控制图,实时检测特定疾病的发病率或患病率的变化,从而防止爆发和紧急健康问题。事实证明,控制图对于即时识别感染率的波动至关重要,发现新兴模式,并在COVID-19监测的背景下采取及时的反应措施。这项研究旨在审查和选择流行病学中的最佳控制图,以监测COVID-19死亡的变化并了解大流行死亡率模式。本研究的一个重要方面是选择一个适当的监测技术在美国不同的死亡在七个阶段,包括前期生长,增长,和后增长阶段。第一阶段评估了2000年至2022年间12个国家流行病学部门的控制图应用。该研究评估了各种控制图,并使用样本数据基于最大移位检测确定了最佳控制图。这项研究在休哈特考虑($\\barX$,$R$,$C$)控制图和具有平滑参数λ=0.25、0.5、0.75和1的指数加权移动平均(EWMA)控制图在本研究中都进行了研究。在第2阶段,我们应用EWMA控制图进行监视,因为它具有出色的移位检测功能以及与当前数据的兼容性。从2020年3月到2023年2月,每日死亡人数受到监测。流行病学中的控制图显示越来越多的使用,在顶级国家中,美国以42%的申请领先。在关于COVID-19死亡的申请中,EWMA图表准确描绘了2020年3月至2022年2月的死亡率动态,显示了6个不同的死亡阶段.第三和第五波是极其灾难性的,造成相当大的生命损失。重要的是,持续的第六波出现在2022年3月至2023年2月。EWMA地图通过彻底检查死亡的时间和数量,有效地确定了与每个波相关的峰值,提供对大流行进展的重要见解。每波的严重程度由平均死亡人数$W5(1899)\\,\\gt\\,W3(1881)\\,\\gt\\,W4(1393)\\,\\gt\\,W1(1036)\\,\\gt\\,W2(853)\\,\\gt\\,(W6(473)美元。从2022年3月到2023年2月,美国进入了第七个阶段(第6波),其特点是死亡人数减少。虽然令人放心,维持疫苗接种和流行病控制措施仍然至关重要。控制图可以早期发现每日COVID-19死亡,为政府和医务人员提供系统的策略。纳入EWMA监测免疫接种图,cases,建议死亡。
Epidemiologists frequently adopt statistical process control tools, like control charts, to detect changes in the incidence or prevalence of a specific disease in real time, thereby protecting against outbreaks and emergent health concerns. Control charts have proven essential in instantly identifying fluctuations in infection rates, spotting emerging patterns, and enabling timely reaction measures in the context of COVID-19 monitoring. This study aims to review and select an optimal control chart in epidemiology to monitor variations in COVID-19 deaths and understand pandemic mortality patterns. An essential aspect of the present study is selecting an appropriate monitoring technique for distinct deaths in the USA in seven phases, including pre-growth, growth, and post-growth phases. Stage-1 evaluated control chart applications in epidemiology departments of 12 countries between 2000 and 2022. The study assessed various control charts and identified the optimal one based on maximum shift detection using sample data. This study considered at Shewhart ($\\bar X$, $R$, $C$) control charts and exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control chart with smoothing parameters λ = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 were all investigated in this study. In Stage-2, we applied the EWMA control chart for monitoring because of its outstanding shift detection capabilities and compatibility with the present data. Daily deaths have been monitored from March 2020 to February 2023. Control charts in epidemiology show growing use, with the USA leading at 42% applications among top countries. During the application on COVID-19 deaths, the EWMA chart accurately depicted mortality dynamics from March 2020 to February 2022, indicating six distinct stages of death. The third and fifth waves were extremely catastrophic, resulting in a considerable loss of life. Significantly, a persistent sixth wave appeared from March 2022 to February 2023. The EWMA map effectively determined the peaks associated with each wave by thoroughly examining the time and amount of deaths, providing vital insights into the pandemic\'s progression. The severity of each wave was measured by the average number of deaths $W5(1899)\\,\\gt\\,W3(1881)\\,\\gt\\,W4(1393)\\,\\gt\\,W1(1036)\\,\\gt\\,W2(853)\\,\\gt\\,(W6(473)$. The USA entered a seventh phase (6th wave) from March 2022 to February 2023, marked by fewer deaths. While reassuring, it remains crucial to maintain vaccinations and pandemic control measures. Control charts enable early detection of daily COVID-19 deaths, providing a systematic strategy for government and medical staff. Incorporating the EWMA chart for monitoring immunizations, cases, and deaths is recommended.