Iron-natural phenolic microparticles were developed as absorbents for dispersive micro solid phase extraction (D-μSPE) synergistic with hydrophobic ionic liquid (IL) for dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) to enrich tetracycline residues, including tetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline. In situ iron microparticles synthesized from betel nut natural reagent were employed as an adsorbent for D-μSPE. The hydrophobic IL [Hmim][PF6] was synergistically utilized as an extraction solvent to extract and accumulate adsorbents bound with tetracyclines before quantitation by HPLC-UV. The synergistic combination of DLLME with D-μSPE provided excellent extraction recovery compared with individual extraction. The developed method was successfully applied to enrich and determine tetracycline residues in honey samples, with recoveries ranging from 80.0 to 121.5% and providing high enrichment factors ranging from 61 to 197. This alternative method is simple and rapid, with high extraction efficiency and a high enrichment factor and is also environmentally friendly for the analysis of tetracyclines.

The aim of the study was to examine the effect of ultrasonic maceration (U) on the extraction of carnosic acid (CA) and its derivative-carnosol (C)-directly from sage into fish oil, compared to homogenization-assisted maceration (H). It was shown that the ultrasonic maceration process (U) allowed for obtaining a macerate enriched in carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (C), also containing rosmarinic acid (RA), total polyphenols, and plant pigments, and showing antioxidant properties (DPPH test). There was no unequivocal difference in the efficiency of extracting ingredients from sage into the oil macerate between U and H, with the use of ultrasound in most cases resulting in a greater extraction of C and less extraction of pigments from sage into the macerate than in H. The highest simultaneous contents of CA (147.5 mg/100 g) and C (42.7 mg/100 g) in the macerate were obtained after 60 min of maceration U when using a higher power (320 W). The amount of determined compounds also depended on the concentration of methanol (methanol; 70% methanol) used for the analysis. The maceration U is a simple, safe, \"green method\" of obtaining active substances, with a reduced number of steps, enabling an interesting application form of CA and C, e.g., for food or cosmetics.

The potential isolation of bio-active polysaccharides from bay tree pruning waste was studied using sequential subcritical water extraction using different time-temperature combinations. The extracted polysaccharides were highly enriched in pectins while preserving their high molecular mass (10-100 kDa), presenting ideal properties for its application as additive in food packaging. Pectin-enriched chitosan films were prepared, improving the optical properties (≥95% UV-light barrier capacity), antioxidant capacity (˃95% radical scavenging activity) and water vapor permeability (≤14 g·Pa-1·s-1·m-1·10-7) in comparison with neat chitosan-based films. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of chitosan was maintained in the hybrid films. Addition of 10% of pectins improved mechanical properties, increasing the Young\'s modulus 12%, and the stress resistance in 51%. The application of pectin-rich fractions from bay tree pruning waste as an additive in active food packaging applications, with triple action as antioxidant, barrier, and antimicrobial has been demonstrated.