背景:随着人们越来越关注红肉对人类和环境健康的影响,越来越多的畜牧业生产者正在探索改善生产系统的方法。一个有希望的途径包括农业生态实践,例如对当地适应的反刍动物进行轮牧。此外,消费者对牧场成品肉的兴趣与日俱增(即,草食)对其营养成分提出了质疑。因此,这项研究的目的是确定北美野牛-牧场-成品或笔-成品对146d-on代谢组学浓缩物的两种常见精加工系统的影响,脂质体,和条倍体的脂肪酸谱(M.longissimuslumborum)。
结果:在牧场和围栏条件下,1570种异形化合物中有671种(671种)(43%)存在差异(每组n=20只动物)(所有,P<0.05)。相对于牧场完成的动物,围栏动物的肌肉显示葡萄糖代谢物升高(约1.6倍),甘油三酯(约2倍),氧化应激标志物(~1.5倍),和蛋白水解(〜1.2倍)。相比之下,牧场完成的动物表现出改善的线粒体(各种Krebs循环代谢产物的水平约高1.3倍)和肉碱代谢(长链酰基肉碱的水平约高3倍)(所有P<0.05)。牧场整理也集中了较高水平的酚类物质(〜2.3倍),α-生育酚(约5.8倍),胡萝卜素(~2.0倍),和非常长链的脂肪酸(约1.3倍)在他们的肉,同时具有较低水平的常见高级脂氧化(4-羟基-壬醛-谷胱甘肽;〜2倍)和糖基化终产物(N6-羧甲基赖氨酸;〜1.7倍)(所有P<0.05)。相比之下,维生素B5、B6和C,γ/β-生育酚,苜蓿中常见的三种酚类物质在围栏动物中的含量约为2.5倍(均P<0.05);建议进行一些浓缩喂养,或富含这些化合物的放牧植物,可能是有益的。
结论:牧场整理(即,草食)广泛改善野牛代谢健康,并在其肉类中积累额外的潜在促进健康的化合物,与浓缩精加工相比(即,笔完成)。我们的数据,然而,并不表明从笔完成的野牛肉因此是不健康的。研究的野牛肉-不考虑整理实践-含有有利的欧米茄6:3比例(<3.2),以及氨基酸和维生素。我们的研究代表了迄今为止最深入的肉类分析研究之一(>1500种独特的化合物),揭示了以前未认识到的动物代谢健康和营养成分的差异,因为整理模式。观察到的营养差异是否对人类健康有明显影响尚待确定。
BACKGROUND: With rising concerns regarding the effects of red meat on human and environmental health, a growing number of livestock producers are exploring ways to improve production systems. A promising avenue includes agro-ecological practices such as rotational grazing of locally adapted ruminants. Additionally, growing consumer interest in pasture-finished meat (i.e., grass-fed) has raised questions about its nutritional composition. Thus, the goal of this study was to determine the impact of two common finishing systems in North American bison-pasture-finished or pen-finished on concentrates for 146 d-on metabolomic, lipidomic, and fatty acid profiles of striploins (M. longissimus lumborum).
RESULTS: Six hundred and seventy-one (671) out of 1570 profiled compounds (43%) differed between pasture- and pen-finished conditions (n = 20 animals per group) (all, P < 0.05). Relative to pasture-finished animals, the muscle of pen-finished animals displayed elevated glucose metabolites (~ 1.6-fold), triglycerides (~ 2-fold), markers of oxidative stress (~ 1.5-fold), and proteolysis (~ 1.2-fold). In contrast, pasture-finished animals displayed improved mitochondrial (~ 1.3-fold higher levels of various Krebs cycle metabolites) and carnitine metabolism (~ 3-fold higher levels of long-chain acyl carnitines) (all P < 0.05). Pasture-finishing also concentrated higher levels of phenolics (~ 2.3-fold), alpha-tocopherol (~ 5.8-fold), carotene (~ 2.0-fold), and very long-chain fatty acids (~ 1.3-fold) in their meat, while having lower levels of a common advanced lipoxidation (4-hydroxy-nonenal-glutathione; ~ 2-fold) and glycation end-product (N6-carboxymethyllysine; ~ 1.7-fold) (all P < 0.05). In contrast, vitamins B5, B6, and C, gamma/beta-tocopherol, and three phenolics commonly found in alfalfa were ~ 2.5-fold higher in pen-finished animals (all P < 0.05); suggesting some concentrate feeding, or grazing plants rich in those compounds, may be beneficial.
CONCLUSIONS: Pasture-finishing (i.e., grass-fed) broadly improves bison metabolic health and accumulates additional potential health-promoting compounds in their meat compared to concentrate finishing in confinement (i.e., pen-finished). Our data, however, does not indicate that meat from pen-finished bison is therefore unhealthy. The studied bison meat-irrespective of finishing practice-contained favorable omega 6:3 ratios (< 3.2), and amino acid and vitamin profiles. Our study represents one of the deepest meat profiling studies to date (> 1500 unique compounds), having revealed previously unrecognized differences in animal metabolic health and nutritional composition because of finishing mode. Whether observed nutritional differences have an appreciable effect on human health remains to be determined.