注意缺陷/多动障碍(ADHD)是一种儿童精神健康障碍,通常持续到成年,其特征是注意力不集中,过度活跃,或者冲动行为。这项研究通过基于体素的形态计量学(VBM)和格兰杰因果关系分析(GCA)调查了儿童的结构和有效连通性差异,青春期,和成人多动症患者。包括35名儿童(8.64±0.81岁)的结构和功能MRI数据,40名青少年(14.11±1.83岁),39名成年人(31.59±10.13岁)从纽约大学儿童研究中心获得ADHD-200和UCLA数据集。双侧苍白球的结构差异,双侧丘脑,双边岛,颞叶上皮质,观察三个ADHD组的右侧小脑。右侧苍白球与疾病严重程度呈正相关。作为种子的右苍白球先于右枕骨中皮层,双侧梭形,左中央后回,左中央小叶,左杏仁核,和右小脑。此外,前扣带皮质,前额叶皮质,左小脑,左壳核,左尾状,双侧颞上极,中扣带皮质,右中前回,左补充运动区对种子区表现出因果效应。总的来说,这项研究显示了三个ADHD年龄组中右侧苍白球的结构差异和有效连接.我们的工作还强调了ADHD额叶-纹状体-小脑回路的证据,并为右苍白球的有效连接和ADHD的病理生理学提供了新的见解。我们的结果进一步表明,GCA可以有效地探索ADHD异常区域之间的区域间因果关系。
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a childhood mental health disorder that often persists to adulthood and is characterized by inattentive, hyperactive, or impulsive behaviors. This study investigated structural and effective connectivity differences through voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and Granger causality analysis (GCA) across child, adolescent, and adult ADHD patients. Structural and functional MRI data consisting of 35 children (8.64 ± 0.81 years), 40 adolescents (14.11 ± 1.83 years), and 39 adults (31.59 ± 10.13 years) was obtained from New York University Child Study Center for the ADHD-200 and UCLA dataset. Structural differences in the bilateral pallidum, bilateral thalamus, bilateral insula, superior temporal cortex, and the right cerebellum were observed among the three ADHD groups. The right pallidum was positively correlated with disease severity. The right pallidum as a seed precedes and granger causes the right middle occipital cortex, bilateral fusiform, left postcentral gyrus, left paracentral lobule, left amygdala, and right cerebellum. Also, the anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, left cerebellum, left putamen, left caudate, bilateral superior temporal pole, middle cingulate cortex, right precentral gyrus, and the left supplementary motor area demonstrated causal effects on the seed region. In general, this study showed the structural differences and the effective connectivity of the right pallidum amongst the three ADHD age groups. Our work also highlights the evidence of the frontal-striatal-cerebellar circuits in ADHD and provides new insights into the effective connectivity of the right pallidum and the pathophysiology of ADHD. Our results further demonstrated that GCA could effectively explore the interregional causal relationship between abnormal regions in ADHD.