BACKGROUND: Individuals from different generations are interacting more and more today, and while each generation exists with its own characteristics, this situation causes intergenerational differences in every issue in social life. Considering the characteristics of different generations, it is predicted that individuals\' views on genital cosmetic surgery may differ.
OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to examine the views of women of different generations on genital cosmetic surgery and to determine their perspectives on genital cosmetic surgery.
METHODS: The population of the study consists of women from different generations. The sample of the study was formed using typical case sampling from purposive sampling methods. Data saturation was reached by conducting qualitative interviews with 15 women by selecting the snowball sampling method. Data were collected using a semi-structured individual interview form, and data analysis was performed using MAXQDA 2020.
RESULTS: The opinions of women of different generations about genital cosmetic surgery were analysed under four themes and 13 categories as \"Perception of Beauty\", \"Perception of Health\", \"Perception of Society\" and \"Perception of Need\". The opinions of women of different generations about genital cosmetic surgery differ. It is thought that these differences may be caused by factors such as psychosocial, economic, environment, media, technological developments and culture. Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Grapholita molesta (Busck, 1916), a significant pest affecting various fruits such as pears, apples, peaches, etc., is highly adaptable to changing temperatures. However, the phenological response mechanism of this pest to climate warming remains unclear. To address this issue, we collected population dynamics data of G. molesta in China over the years along with corresponding climate data. We analyzed five phenological indexes: the first, end, and peak occurrence dates of contemporary adults as well as the first and peak occurrence dates of overwintering adults in China. Results revealed an upward trend in the annual average temperature and average temperature of the four seasons in regions infested by G. molesta in eastern, northeastern, northwestern, northern, and southwestern China from 1980 to 2020. Notably, the population peak date of overwintering adults in northeastern and eastern China significantly advanced along with the first occurrence date and the population peak date of overwintering adults in northern China. Additionally, the population peak date of contemporary adults in northwestern China significantly advanced. However, the end occurrence date of contemporary adults in northern China was significantly delayed, as was the first occurrence date of overwintering adults in northwestern China. Furthermore, our study demonstrated spatial heterogeneity in the phenological response of G. molesta to climate warming across China. This study elucidates the phenological response of G. molesta to climate warming, offering valuable insights for predicting future pest infestations and informing adaptive pest management strategies in fruit tree cultivation.

Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) interacts with programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), leading to T cell exhaustion and promoting tumor cell survival, ultimately mediating immunosuppression. While FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction have shown success in cancer treatment, some patients experience limited and short-lived therapeutic outcomes. Recent studies have identified PD-L1 expression not only on tumor cell surfaces but also on exosomes, with secretion pathways including both conventional and unconventional endocytosis routes, presenting a unique therapeutic opportunity. Emerging evidence suggests that exosomal PD-L1 contributes to systemic immunosuppression, potentially counteracting the effects of anti-PD-1 checkpoint therapies. However, the significance of exosomal PD-L1 in clinical cancer patients unresponsive to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy, as well as the factors regulating its generation, remain unclear. Moreover, the mechanisms underlying PD-L1 expression on exosomes and its regulation in cancer are yet to be fully elucidated. This review primarily focuses on the mechanisms modulating exosomal PD-L1 generation in cancer, while also outlining its involvement in immunosuppression, tumor proliferation, and response to cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, we explore the potential of exosomal PD-L1 as a cancer biomarker and therapeutic target, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of this emerging field and its implications for cancer treatment and diagnosis.

In autistic individuals, the role, performance, and autonomy of perceptual functioning are atypical. Overlapping underlying mechanisms of perception and mental imagery predict that the mental imagery abilities of autistic individuals should differ from those of non‐autistic individuals. While enhanced abilities to manipulate mental images have been demonstrated in autism, the other stages of mental imagery (generation, maintenance, inspection) remain to be explored. Forty‐four autistic adults and 42 typical participants performed four tasks to assess different stages of mental imagery: the Image generation task (mentally generating a letter on a grid and indicating whether it passes over a probe located in the grid), the Visual pattern test (maintaining visual patterns in memory), the Image scanning test (inspecting mental images) and the Mental rotation test (mentally manipulating representations of geometric figures). In the image generation task and the mental rotation test, autistic and typical individuals performed equivalently, both in accuracy and response time. The span observed in the visual pattern test was significantly higher in the autistic group, indicating better maintenance of mental images. In the image scanning test, response times were influenced by the distance to mentally inspect in the typical group but not in the autistic group. Autistic participants were equally fast regardless of distance to inspect. Preserved, greater or differently influenced visual mental imagery abilities are in line with an atypical perceptual functioning in autism, possibly reflecting an increased weight of perception‐based information relatively to the top‐down effect of knowledge and language‐based influence.

UNASSIGNED: The introduction of ChatGPT by OpenAI has garnered significant attention. Among its capabilities, paraphrasing stands out.
UNASSIGNED: This study aims to investigate the satisfactory levels of plagiarism in the paraphrased text produced by this chatbot.
UNASSIGNED: Three texts of varying lengths were presented to ChatGPT. ChatGPT was then instructed to paraphrase the provided texts using five different prompts. In the subsequent stage of the study, the texts were divided into separate paragraphs, and ChatGPT was requested to paraphrase each paragraph individually. Lastly, in the third stage, ChatGPT was asked to paraphrase the texts it had previously generated.
UNASSIGNED: The average plagiarism rate in the texts generated by ChatGPT was 45% (SD 10%). ChatGPT exhibited a substantial reduction in plagiarism for the provided texts (mean difference -0.51, 95% CI -0.54 to -0.48; P<.001). Furthermore, when comparing the second attempt with the initial attempt, a significant decrease in the plagiarism rate was observed (mean difference -0.06, 95% CI -0.08 to -0.03; P<.001). The number of paragraphs in the texts demonstrated a noteworthy association with the percentage of plagiarism, with texts consisting of a single paragraph exhibiting the lowest plagiarism rate (P<.001).
UNASSIGNED: Although ChatGPT demonstrates a notable reduction of plagiarism within texts, the existing levels of plagiarism remain relatively high. This underscores a crucial caution for researchers when incorporating this chatbot into their work.

UNASSIGNED: Healthcare facilities generate medical waste, also known as healthcare waste or health facility waste, during the healthcare delivery process, which is improperly managed as a result of underfunded healthcare systems, poor training, and lack of awareness of policies and legislation on handling medical waste as well as do not have national guidelines in place to adhere to the correct disposal of such wastage in developing countries like Ethiopia.
UNASSIGNED: To estimate the healthcare waste generation rate among selected public hospitals in eastern Ethiopia.
UNASSIGNED: A cross-sectional study design was conducted in eight public in eastern Ethiopia from 1st June 2023 to 30th July 2023. The \"Bed-Patient-healthcare wastes\" model was used to estimate the healthcare waste generation rate based on WHO and empirical evidence. HCW generation rate = No of (Inpatients (Inpts) + Outpatients (Outpts))/day*0.53 kg/day. Meanwhile, general (GW), infectious (IW), pharmaceutical (PW), sharps (SW), and pathological (PtW) are computed as follows: GW = No. of (Inpt + Oupt)/day*0.53 kg/day and IW, PW, SW, and PtW = No. of Inpts/day*0.53 kg/day. In contrast, for hazardous and non-hazardous healthcare wastes, No of HCWs/day*0.8 and no. of HCWs/day*0.2 were utilized, and Key informant interviews and field observational were also applied. Descriptive analysis such as percentage, mean, and standard deviation were presented.
UNASSIGNED: According to the current assessment, 105.1-142.8 kg/day healthcare waste was generated from outpatient and 167.3-244.2 kg/day from inpatients of public hospitals. From these, the Mean ± SD of daily healthcare waste generation rate estimated by non-hazardous and hazardous waste were 164.6 ± 80.9 kg/patients/day and 41.2 ± 20.2 kg/patients/day, respectively. In daily generation, the mean and standard deviations (Mean ± SD) of general wastes, infections waste, pharmaceutical wastes, sharp wastes, and pathological waste/patient were 62% (521.9), 23% (194.8), 4% (35.4), 2% (17.7), and 9% (70.9), respectively.
UNASSIGNED: The current assessment concluded that a large volume of healthcare waste is generated from selected public hospitals, which were not effectively segregated, separated at the source, and haven\'t conventional or standard treatment. As a result, the study advised that regional and global collaboration in hospital waste and wastewater management be encouraged.

Real-time diagnosis of intracerebral hemorrhage after thrombectomy is crucial for follow-up treatment. However, this is difficult to achieve with standard single-energy CT (SECT) due to similar CT values of blood and contrast agents under a single energy spectrum. In contrast, dual-energy CT (DECT) scanners employ two different energy spectra, which allows for real-time differentiation between hemorrhage and contrast extravasation based on energy-related attenuation characteristics. Unfortunately, DECT scanners are not as widely used as SECT scanners due to their high costs. To address this dilemma, in this paper, we generate pseudo DECT images from a SECT image for real-time diagnosis of hemorrhage. More specifically, we propose a SECT-to-DECT Transformer-based Generative Adversarial Network (SDTGAN), which is a 3D transformer-based multi-task learning framework equipped with a shared attention mechanism. In this way, SDTGAN can be guided to focus more on high-density areas (crucial for hemorrhage diagnosis) during the generation. Meanwhile, the introduced multi-task learning strategy and the shared attention mechanism also enable SDTGAN to model dependencies between interconnected generation tasks, improving generation performance while significantly reducing model parameters and computational complexity. In the experiments, we approximate real SECT images using mixed 120kV images from DECT data to address the issue of not being able to obtain the true paired DECT and SECT data. Extensive experiments demonstrate that SDTGAN can generate DECT images better than state-of-the-art methods. The code of our implementation is available at https://github.com/jiang-cw/SDTGAN.

What are the neural dynamics that drive creative thinking? Recent studies have provided much insight into the neural mechanisms of creative thought. Specifically, the interaction between the executive control, default mode, and salience brain networks has been shown to be an important marker of individual differences in creative ability. However, how these different brain systems might be recruited dynamically during the two key components of the creative process-generation and evaluation of ideas-remains far from understood. In the current study we applied state-of-the-art network neuroscience methodologies to examine the neural dynamics related to the generation and evaluation of creative and non-creative ideas using a novel within-subjects design. Participants completed two functional magnetic resonance imaging sessions, taking place a week apart. In the first imaging session, participants generated either creative (alternative uses) or non-creative (common characteristics) responses to common objects. In the second imaging session, participants evaluated their own creative and non-creative responses to the same objects. Network neuroscience methods were applied to examine and directly compare reconfiguration, integration, and recruitment of brain networks during these four conditions. We found that generating creative ideas led to significantly higher network reconfiguration than generating non-creative ideas, whereas evaluating creative and non-creative ideas led to similar levels of network integration. Furthermore, we found that these differences were attributable to different dynamic patterns of neural activity across the executive control, default mode, and salience networks. This study is the first to show within-subject differences in neural dynamics related to generating and evaluating creative and non-creative ideas.

Gaseous nanobubbles (NBs) with dimensions ranging from 1 to 1000 nm in the liquid phase have garnered significant interest due to their unique physicochemical characteristics, including specific surface area, low internal gas pressure, long-term stability, efficient mass transfer, interface potential, and free radical production. These remarkable properties have sparked considerable attention in the scientific community and industries alike. These hold immense promise for environmental applications, especially for carbon-neutral water remediation. Their long-lasting stability in aqueous systems and efficient mass transfer properties make them highly suitable for delivering gases in the vicinity of pollutants. This potential has prompted research into the use of NBs for targeted delivery of gases in contaminated water bodies, facilitating the degradation of harmful substances and advancing sustainable remediation practices. However, despite significant progress in understanding NBs physicochemical properties and potential applications, several challenges and knowledge gaps persist. This review thereby aims to summarize the current state of research on NBs environmental applications and potential for remediation. By discussing the generation processes, mechanisms, principles, and characterization techniques, it sheds light on the promising future of NBs in advancing environmental sustainability. It explores their role in improving oxygenation, aeration, and pollutant degradation in water systems. Finally, the review addresses future research perspectives, emphasizing the need to bridge knowledge gaps and overcome challenges to unlock the full potential of this frontier technology for enhanced environmental sustainability.

Generational labels (e.g., Millennials and Baby Boomers) are widely used in daily life to represent the unique characteristics of groups of people. However, the existence of generational differences remains contentious. In their focal paper, Costanza et al. (2023) critically reviewed the literature on generational differences and proposed two future research directions: the social constructionist and lifespan development perspectives. In this commentary, we aimed to extend the proposed directions for future research on generational differences by integrating the two perspectives into one theoretical framework. Future research should investigate how proximal social relationships (e.g., intergenerational relations) and distal social norms (e.g., age norms) change over historical time and whether these historical changes shape individuals\' development and aging. The theoretical framework that integrates the two proposed research directions may stimulate research on generational differences to progress beyond the concept of generations.