胃肠道是大多数肠道微生物群沉降的地方;因此,肠道微生物群的组成和代谢物的变化,以及它们对免疫系统的调节作用,对胃肠道疾病的发展有非常重要的影响。本文旨在综述肠道菌群在宿主环境和免疫代谢系统中的作用,并总结植物活性成分对胃肠道肿瘤的有益作用。从而为胃肠道疾病的预防和治疗提供前瞻性见解。在PubMed数据库上进行了文献检索,关键字为“胃肠道癌”,“肠道微生物群”,“免疫代谢”,\"SCFA\",“胆汁酸”,\"多胺\",\"色氨酸\",“细菌素”,“免疫细胞”,“能量代谢”,\"多酚\",“多糖”,“生物碱”,和“三萜”。肠道菌群组成的变化影响了胃肠道疾病,而它们的代谢物,例如SCFA,细菌素,和植物代谢产物,可以阻止胃肠道癌症和多胺-,色氨酸-,和胆汁酸诱导的致癌机制。GPRC,HDAC,FXRs,和AHR是影响胃肠道肿瘤发生发展的肠道微生物代谢产物的重要受体信号。植物活性成分通过影响肠道微生物的组成和调节免疫代谢对胃肠道肿瘤产生积极影响。胃肠道肿瘤可以通过改变肠道微生物环境来改善,施用植物活性成分进行治疗,刺激或阻断免疫代谢信号分子。尽管对微生物群的研究越来越广泛,与预防胃肠道疾病的自主致病因素相比,它似乎更多地代表了与充足纤维摄入相关的肠道健康状况指标。本研究详细介绍了胃肠道肿瘤的发病机制和用于治疗的植物活性成分,希望为更简单的研究提供灵感,更安全,以及本领域更有效的治疗途径或治疗剂。
The gastrointestinal tract is where the majority of gut microbiota settles; therefore, the composition of the gut microbiota and the changes in metabolites, as well as their modulatory effects on the immune system, have a very important impact on the development of gastrointestinal diseases. The purpose of this article was to review the role of the gut microbiota in the host environment and immunometabolic system and to summarize the beneficial effects of botanical active ingredients on gastrointestinal cancer, so as to provide prospective insights for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. A literature search was performed on the PubMed database with the keywords \"gastrointestinal cancer\", \"gut microbiota\", \"immunometabolism\", \"SCFAs\", \"bile acids\", \"polyamines\", \"tryptophan\", \"bacteriocins\", \"immune cells\", \"energy metabolism\", \"polyphenols\", \"polysaccharides\", \"alkaloids\", and \"triterpenes\". The changes in the composition of the gut microbiota influenced gastrointestinal disorders, whereas their metabolites, such as SCFAs, bacteriocins, and botanical metabolites, could impede gastrointestinal cancers and polyamine-, tryptophan-, and bile acid-induced carcinogenic mechanisms. GPRCs, HDACs, FXRs, and AHRs were important receptor signals for the gut microbial metabolites in influencing the development of gastrointestinal cancer. Botanical active ingredients exerted positive effects on gastrointestinal cancer by influencing the composition of gut microbes and modulating immune metabolism. Gastrointestinal cancer could be ameliorated by altering the gut microbial environment, administering botanical active ingredients for treatment, and stimulating or blocking the immune metabolism signaling molecules. Despite extensive and growing research on the microbiota, it appeared to represent more of an indicator of the gut health status associated with adequate fiber intake than an autonomous causative factor in the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases. This study detailed the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal cancers and the botanical active ingredients used for their treatment in the hope of providing inspiration for research into simpler, safer, and more effective treatment pathways or therapeutic agents in the field.