背景:微量营养素缺乏是一个主要的全球健康问题,超过20亿人缺乏必需的维生素和矿物质。食品标签为消费者提供有关食品营养成分的信息,并已被确定为改善饮食的潜在工具。然而,由于政府法规和标签的物理限制,食品标签通常缺乏关于食物中维生素和矿物质的全面信息。因此,现有食品标签中没有关于大多数微量营养素的信息。
目的:本文旨在研究使用机器学习算法预测未报告的微量营养素如维生素A(视黄醇)的可能性。维生素C,维生素B1(硫胺素),维生素B2(核黄素),维生素B3(烟酸),维生素B6,维生素B12,维生素E(α-生育酚),维生素K,和矿物质如镁,锌,磷,硒,锰,以及现有食品标签上提供的营养信息中的铜。如果可以使用机器学习预测模型从现有食品标签中以可接受的准确性预测未报告的微量营养素,这些模型可以集成到移动应用程序中,为消费者提供有关食物的额外微量营养素信息,并帮助他们做出更明智的饮食决定。
方法:来自膳食研究食品和营养数据库(FNDDS)数据集的数据,总共有5624种食物,用于训练各种机器学习分类和回归算法,以从现有的食品标签数据中预测未报告的维生素和矿物质。对于每个模型,调整了超参数,并且使用重复交叉验证对模型进行评估,以确保报告的结果不会出现过拟合.
结果:根据结果,虽然预测维生素和矿物质的确切数量被证明是具有挑战性的,回归R2在0.28(镁)至0.92(锰)的宽范围内变化,分类模型可以准确地预测类别(“低,\"\"介质,\"或\"高\")所有矿物质和维生素的含量超过0.80。维生素B12(0.94)和磷(0.94)达到了特定微量营养素的最高分类精度,而最低的是维生素E(0.81)和硒(0.83)。
结论:这项研究证明了使用机器学习算法从现有食品标签中预测未报告的微量营养素的可行性。结果表明,该方法有可能显着提高消费者对他们所食用食物的微量营养素含量的了解。将这些预测模型集成到移动应用程序中可以增强其可访问性和与消费者的互动。这项研究对公共卫生的影响值得注意,强调技术的潜力,以增加消费者的了解他们的饮食中的微量营养素含量,同时也促进跟踪食物的摄入量,并提供个性化的建议,根据微量营养素含量和个人喜好。
Micronutrient deficiencies represent a major global health issue, with over 2 billion individuals experiencing deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals. Food labels provide consumers with information regarding the nutritional content of food items and have been identified as a potential tool for improving diets. However, due to governmental regulations and the physical limitations of the labels, food labels often lack comprehensive information about the vitamins and minerals present in foods. As a result, information about most of the micronutrients is absent from existing food labels.
This paper aims to examine the possibility of using machine learning algorithms to predict unreported micronutrients such as vitamin A (retinol), vitamin C, vitamin B1 (thiamin), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), vitamin K, and minerals such as magnesium, zinc, phosphorus, selenium, manganese, and copper from nutrition information provided on existing food labels. If unreported micronutrients can be predicted with acceptable accuracies from existing food labels using machine learning predictive models, such models can be integrated into mobile apps to provide consumers with additional micronutrient information about foods and help them make more informed diet decisions.
Data from the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS) data set, representing a total of 5624 foods, were used to train a diverse set of machine learning classification and regression algorithms to predict unreported vitamins and minerals from existing food label data. For each model, hyperparameters were adjusted, and the models were evaluated using repeated cross-validation to ensure that the reported results were not subject to overfitting.
According to the results, while predicting the exact quantity of vitamins and minerals is shown to be challenging, with regression R2 varying in a wide range from 0.28 (for magnesium) to 0.92 (for manganese), the classification models can accurately predict the category (\"low,\" \"medium,\" or \"high\") level of all minerals and vitamins with accuracies exceeding 0.80. The highest classification accuracies for specific micronutrients are achieved for vitamin B12 (0.94) and phosphorus (0.94), while the lowest are for vitamin E (0.81) and selenium (0.83).
This study demonstrates the feasibility of predicting unreported micronutrients from existing food labels using machine learning algorithms. The results show that the approach has the potential to significantly improve consumer knowledge about the micronutrient content of the foods they consume. Integrating these predictive models into mobile apps can enhance their accessibility and engagement with consumers. The implications of this research for public health are noteworthy, underscoring the potential of technology to augment consumers\' understanding of the micronutrient content of their diets while also facilitating the tracking of food intake and providing personalized recommendations based on the micronutrient content and individual preferences.