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Formaldehyde has been found to decrease virus concentrations in feed and ingredient matrices. Continued research is needed to identify the appropriate inclusion levels and application time for different viruses in these matrices. The objective was to evaluate different inclusion levels of formaldehyde when applied either pre- or postinoculation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and Seneca Valley virus 1 (SVV1) to complete feed or soybean meal. The experiment was designed in a 2 × 2 factorial with a formaldehyde-based product (Termin-8, Anitox Corporation, Lawrenceville, GA) applied either before virus inoculation (preinoculation) or after inoculation (postinoculation) at either a 2 or 3 kg/MT. On day 0, samples of the respective matrices were weighed in 50 g aliquots and added to 500 mL bottles. Formaldehyde was applied to the preinoculation samples at the respective inclusion levels and 50 µL of each virus were added to the postinoculation samples. All bottles were shaken and allowed to sit at room temperature for 24 h. On day 1, virus was added to the preinoculation samples and formaldehyde was added to the postinoculation bottles. Half of the samples were immediately processed (0 h) and the other half were incubated at room temperature for an additional 24 h. Samples were processed and aliquots were analyzed via triplex PCR. An application time × inclusion level interaction was observed for PEDV at 0 h and SVV1 and PEDV at 24 h in complete feed, where less viral RNA (P < 0.05) was detected in the postinoculation samples at either inclusion level as compared to the positive controls. In soybean meal, the same interaction was observed in PEDV and PRRSV at 0 h and SVV1 and PEDV at 24 h with less detectable RNA observed (P < 0.05) in the postinoculation samples regardless of inclusion level than the preinoculation counterparts and the controls. Overall, an application time effect was noticed in each matrix where less RNA was detected in the postinoculation samples at 0 h (P < 0.05) compared to the preinoculation samples and the control, and at 24 h, both the pre- and postinoculation samples had less detectable RNA (P < 0.05) than the control. Overall, formaldehyde can reduce detectable RNA immediately in contaminated complete feed and soybean meal, with greater decreases observed as mitigant contact time increases.

The ICH S5(R3) guideline recommends that male rodents in a FEED study are treated for ≥2 weeks before mating, which has frequently been criticized as being too short for the detection of all effects on sperm maturation, mating behavior and male fertility. In a FEED study, males generally continue for ≥5 weeks after the start of cohabitation. This review determines how often a 2-week premating treatment period for males was used in FEED studies of novel drugs approved by the FDA in 2022 and 2023. The male premating treatment duration was specified for 44 drugs. Only 16 % of these had a 2-week male premating treatment period. 52 % of drugs had a 4-week period. No examples were found in the literature of drugs for which male-mediated reproductive toxicity could have been detected using a 4-week, but not a 2-week, premating treatment period. Repeat dose studies in 2 species, with a duration of treatment at least equivalent to that in patients, are generally completed before the FEED study is planned. Providing no effects on male reproductive organs are detected in the repeat dose studies, a 2-week premating treatment period appears sufficient for the detection of effects on male mating performance. If toxic effects on spermatogenesis are detected in the repeat dose studies, a male FEED study serves little regulatory purpose. Even in the absence of effects on mating performance and fertility in the FEED study, a drug-related disruption of spermatogenesis would likely be considered pertinent to the human.

There has been a growing interest in the use of hemp as an animal feed ingredient considering its economic value and nutritional properties. However, there is a paucity of research regarding the safety of hemp-based animal feed currently. Thus, this raises safety concerns on the potential transfer of cannabinoids from hemp-based animal feed to animal products intended for human consumption and its health effects. As such, the detection and quantification of cannabinoids in meat and animal feeds would be desirable for monitoring purposes. In this study, a simple, rapid and sensitive method for the simultaneous quantification of four major cannabinoids (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabinol and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid) in meat and animal feeds by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was successfully developed and validated. The method was selective and sensitive, achieving limits of detection and quantification for the four cannabinoids from 5 to 7 µg/kg and 15 to 21 µg/kg, respectively. The overall recovery with matrix-matched calibration curves for the cannabinoids ranged from 87-115%. The coefficients of variation were between 2.17-13.38% for intraday precision and 3.67-12.14% for inter-day precision. The method was subsequently applied to monitor cannabinoids in 120 meat and 24 animal feed samples. No cannabinoid was detected, suggesting no imminent food safety concerns arising from the potential incorporation of hemp and by-products in animal feed and nutrition under the promotion of sustainable agricultural practices.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are highly toxic mycotoxins present in food and feed, posing serious health risks to humans and animals. This study aimed to validate an efficient and cost-effective analytical method for quantifying AFB1 and OTA in rat urine using immunoaffinity column extraction and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (IAC-LC-FD). Additionally, the study evaluated the effect of incorporating fermented whey and pumpkin into the feed on the urinary excretion of these mycotoxins. The limits of detection and quantification were determined to be 0.1 µg/kg and 0.3 µg/kg, respectively, for both mycotoxins in feed, and 0.2 ng/mL and 0.6 ng/mL, respectively, in urine. The method demonstrated robust recovery rates ranging from 74% to 119% for both AFB1 and OTA in both matrices. In feed samples, the levels of AFB1 and OTA ranged from 4.3 to 5.2 µg/g and from 5.4 to 8.8 µg/g, respectively. This validated method was successfully applied to analyze 116 urine samples from rats collected during the fourth week of an in vivo trial. The results indicated that the addition of fermented whey and pumpkin to the feed influenced mycotoxin excretion in urine, with variations observed based on the sex of the rats, type of mycotoxin, and exposure dosage.

Unconventional protein feeds, characterized by low nutritional value, high variability, and poor palatability, have limited their application in swine production. Fermentation technology holds the key to addressing these shortcomings. Given the ban on antibiotics in China, the inferior quality of imported pig breeds, and long-term dependence on imported soybean, the prospects for fermented unconventional protein feeds are promising. This paper delves into the common types of fermented unconventional protein feeds, factors influencing the fermentation process, the mechanisms by which they enhance swine health, and the challenges and prospects of fermented feeds, offering theoretical insights for the future development of the feed industry.

The transformation of oat brewery waste (OBW) into livestock feed could be a potential replacement for the expensive concentrate and one of the effective approaches for avoiding health hazards due to the accumulation of oat brewery waste in the environment. To explore the potential of OBW as a methane (CH4) mitigating agent, an in vitro study was undertaken to investigate the effect of graded replacement of concentrate with OBW on CH4 production, microbiota, feed fermentation, and CAZymes. A total of five treatments with variable proportions of OBW were formulated. The results indicated a linear decrease in the total gas production and a 38-52% decrease in CH4 production with a 60 and 100% replacement of concentrate with OBW. The inclusion of OBW also affected the abundance of microbes such as Firmicutes, Euryarchaeota, Methanobrevibacter, and protozoa numbers. This study demonstrated that OBW can partially replace the concentrate and effectively mitigate CH4 production; however, the concurrent decrease in fermentation cautioned for the partial replacement of concentrate with OBW at an appropriate level at which the fermentation remains unaffected while decreasing CH4 production. Therefore, waste from oat breweries can contribute to curtailing the accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere.

Carotenoids are common and diverse organic compounds with various functional roles in animals. Except for certain aphids, mites, and gall midges, all animals only acquire necessary carotenoids through their diet. The house fly (Musca domestica) is a cosmopolitan pest insect that populates diverse habitats. Its larvae feed on organic substrates that may vary in carotenoid composition according to their specific content. We hypothesized that the carotenoid composition in the adult house fly\'s body would reflect the carotenoid composition in the larval feed. House fly larvae were reared on diets that differed in carotenoid composition. HPLC analysis of the emerging adult flies indicate that the carotenoid composition of adult house flies is related, but not identical, to the carotenoid composition in its natal substrate. These findings may be developed to help identify potential sources of house fly infestations. Also, it is recommended that rearing substrates of house fly larvae, used for animal feed, should be carefully considered.

Background: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a complication that can affect infants with congenital heart disease (CHD). The objective of this study is to determine whether breast milk, which is associated with decreased incidence of NEC in preterm infants, is protective in infants with CHD. Methods: Retrospective case-control study of infants ≥ 33 weeks gestational age with CHD who underwent cardiac surgery during their admission to the Infant Cardiac Unit from 2008 to 2017. Cases were defined as infants with modified Bell\'s stage ≥ II NEC. Controls were matched by date of birth, gestational age, and pre- or postcardiac surgery feed initiation. Results: A total of 926 infants with gestational age ≥ 33 weeks and CHD were admitted; 18 cases of NEC were identified and compared with 84 controls. Breast milk intake was higher in controls, but this difference was not statistically significant. Single ventricle (SV) physiology was identified as an independent risk factor for NEC by multivariable analysis. Analysis of infants with SV physiology demonstrated that median age at time of surgery was 9 days (interquartile range [IQR], 7-12) in NEC cases and 5 days (IQR, 4-9) in controls (P = .02). Conclusions: While this study is inconclusive with regard to feeding composition and risk of NEC in infants with CHD, the trend toward greater intake of breast milk in the control group suggests that breast milk may be protective for these infants. Infants with SV physiology are at high risk for NEC. Earlier time to stage I palliation may be a modifiable risk factor for NEC.

The European Commission requested an estimation of the BSE risk (C-, L- and H-BSE) from gelatine and collagen derived from ovine, caprine or bovine bones, and produced in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 853/2004, or Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 and its implementing Regulation (EU) No 142/2011. A quantitative risk assessment was developed to estimate the BSE infectivity, measured in cattle oral infectious dose 50 (CoID50), in a small size batch of gelatine including one BSE-infected bovine or ovine animal at the clinical stage. The model was built on a scenario where all ruminant bones could be used for the production of gelatine and high-infectivity tissues remained attached to the skull (brain) and vertebral column (spinal cord). The risk and exposure pathways defined for humans and animals, respectively, were identified. Exposure routes other than oral via food and feed were considered and discussed but not assessed quantitatively. Other aspects were also considered as integrating evidence, like the epidemiological situation of the disease, the species barrier, the susceptibility of species to BSE and the assumption of an exponential dose-response relationship to determine the probability of BSE infection in ruminants. Exposure to infectivity in humans cannot be directly translated to risk of disease because the transmission barrier has not yet been quantified, although it is considered to be substantial, i.e. much greater amounts of infectivity would be needed to successfully infect a human and greater in the oral than in the parenteral route of exposure. The probability that no new case of BSE in the cattle or small ruminant population would be generated through oral exposure to gelatine made of ruminant bones is 99%-100% (almost certain) This conclusion is based on the current state of knowledge, the epidemiological situation of the disease and the current practices, and is also valid for collagen.