情景记忆由两个过程说明:通常识别项目时的“熟悉度”和检索与项目绑定的完整上下文详细信息时的“回忆”。矛盾的是,人们有时报告上下文信息是熟悉的,但不记得细节,这是现有理论不容易解释的。我们测试了项目识别置信度和源记忆的组合,专注于“仅项目点击,来源未知”(“项目熟悉度”),\'具有正确源内存的低置信度命中\'(\'上下文熟悉度\'),和\'具有正确源内存\'的高置信度命中(\'recollection\')。多个受试者内部(试验)和受试者之间(个体差异)水平的结果表明,这些水平在行为和生理上都不同。行为上,交叉交互在响应时间上很明显,在项目识别过程中,上下文熟悉度比每个条件都慢,但在源内存期间更快。电生理,a条件x时间x位置三重解离在事件相关电位(ERP)中是明显的,然后独立复制。上下文熟悉度在800-1200ms内表现出独立的负中心效应,在项目熟悉度(400至600ms)和回忆度(600至900ms)方面与阳性ERP区分开来。因此,这三个条件相互排斥,情节记忆的过程根本不同。语境熟悉是情景记忆的第三个独特过程。
■对过去事件的记忆被广泛认为是通过两个不同的过程来运行的:一个在获取自信时称为“回忆”,记忆的具体细节,另一个叫做“熟悉度”,当只有一种不确定但有意识的意识,即一个项目以前经历过。当人们成功地检索到诸如先前事件的源或上下文之类的详细信息时,它被认为反映了回忆。我们证明了对上下文的熟悉程度在功能上与对项目和回忆的熟悉程度不同,并提供了一个新的三变量模型。三种记忆反应类型在多种行为和生理指标上有区别,在试验水平和受试者之间的个体差异中,也是。也就是说,传统上被认为是两种记忆过程实际上是三种,当使用足够敏感的多措施时,这一点变得很明显。类似于仅使用二维镜头观看三维图片时缺少明显的元素,当我们有能力寻找记忆的三个过程时,我们可以看到它们清晰地分离,并且可以在来自不同实验室的不同队列的几项不同研究中独立复制。一起,这些数据表明,背景熟悉是人类情景记忆的第三过程。
Episodic memory is accounted for with two processes: \'
familiarity\' when generally recognizing an item and \'recollection\' when retrieving the full contextual details bound with the item. Paradoxically, people sometimes report contextual information as familiar but without recollecting details, which is not easily accounted for by existing theories. We tested a combination of item recognition confidence and source memory, focusing upon \'item-only hits with source unknown\' (\'item familiarity\'), \'low-confidence hits with correct source memory\' (\'context
familiarity\'), and \'high-confidence hits with correct source memory\' (\'recollection\'). Results across multiple within-subjects (trial-wise) and between subjects (individual variability) levels indicated these were behaviorally and physiologically distinct. Behaviorally, a crossover interaction was evident in response times, with context familiarity being slower than each condition during item recognition, but faster during source memory. Electrophysiologically, a Condition x Time x Location triple dissociation was evident in event-related potentials (ERPs), which was then independently replicated. Context
familiarity exhibited an independent negative central effect from 800-1200 ms, differentiated from positive ERPs for item-
familiarity (400 to 600 ms) and recollection (600 to 900 ms). These three conditions thus reflect mutually exclusive, fundamentally different processes of episodic memory. Context
familiarity is a third distinct process of episodic memory.