关于膳食糖对健康的推定影响的争议,盐,脂肪,胆固醇不是由有效证据的科学推断的合法差异驱动的,而是由数十年来严重缺陷和明显误导的流行病学研究驱动的关于饮食与疾病关系的虚构论述。在过去的60年里,流行病学家发表了数万份报告,声称尽管流行病学方法并不衡量膳食摄入量,但膳食摄入量是导致慢性非传染性疾病的主要因素.代替测量实际的饮食摄入量,流行病学家收集了数百万份未经证实的关于饮食摄入感知的口头和文字报告。鉴于实际的饮食摄入量和报告的摄入感知记忆不在同一本体论类别中,流行病学家犯下了“错位的具体性”的逻辑谬误。“当轶事(自我报告)数据被不允许地转换时(即,伪量化)通过从有效性和全面性可疑的数据库中分配“参考”值,将营养和热量消耗的代理估计。当使用伪量化的轶事数据进行饮食与疾病关系的统计分析时,这些错误进一步加剧。这些致命的测量,分析,当流行病学家未能引用数十年的研究证明他们创建的代理估计通常在生理上令人难以置信时(即,毫无意义),并且与参与者的实际营养素或热量消耗没有可验证的定量关系。在这种批判性分析中,我们提供了大量证据来支持我们的论点,即当前关于饮食与疾病关系的争议和公众困惑是由成千上万的严重缺陷引起的,明显误导,和伪科学流行病学报告。我们通过承认对其基于记忆的方法的经验和理论反驳来挑战营养领域,以重新获得失去的可信度,并确保使用严格(客观)的科学方法来研究饮食在慢性病中的作用。
Controversies regarding the putative health effects of dietary sugar, salt, fat, and cholesterol are not driven by legitimate differences in scientific inference from valid evidence, but by a fictional discourse on diet-disease relations driven by decades of deeply flawed and demonstrably misleading epidemiologic research. Over the past 60 years, epidemiologists published tens of thousands of reports asserting that dietary intake was a major contributing factor to chronic non-communicable diseases despite the fact that epidemiologic methods do not measure dietary intake. In lieu of measuring actual dietary intake, epidemiologists collected millions of unverified verbal and textual reports of memories of perceptions of dietary intake. Given that actual dietary intake and reported memories of perceptions of intake are not in the same ontological category, epidemiologists committed the logical
fallacy of \"Misplaced Concreteness.\" This error was exacerbated when the anecdotal (self-reported) data were impermissibly transformed (i.e., pseudo-quantified) into proxy-estimates of nutrient and caloric consumption via the assignment of \"reference\" values from databases of questionable validity and comprehensiveness. These errors were further compounded when statistical analyses of diet-disease relations were performed using the pseudo-quantified anecdotal data. These fatal measurement, analytic, and inferential flaws were obscured when epidemiologists failed to cite decades of research demonstrating that the proxy-estimates they created were often physiologically implausible (i.e., meaningless) and had no verifiable quantitative relation to the actual nutrient or caloric consumption of participants. In this critical analysis, we present substantial evidence to support our contention that current controversies and public confusion regarding diet-disease relations were generated by tens of thousands of deeply flawed, demonstrably misleading, and pseudoscientific epidemiologic reports. We challenge the field of nutrition to regain lost credibility by acknowledging the empirical and theoretical refutations of their memory-based methods and ensure that rigorous (objective) scientific methods are used to study the role of diet in chronic disease.