Chronic inflammatory process in the lacrimal drainage system is the main etiological factor leading to dacryostenosis and consequent obliteration - partial and total nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Prevention of this process is an urgent problem in dacryology. Currently, there is very little research on the development and use of conservative methods for treating dacryostenosis using anti-inflammatory, as well as anti-fibrotic drugs. In this regard, the main method of treating lacrimal drainage obstruction is dacryocystorhinostomy. However, the problem of recurrence after this operation has not been resolved. The causes of recurrence can be cicatricial healing of dacryocystorhinostomy ostium, canalicular obstruction, formation of granulations and synechiae in its area. Surgical methods of recurrence prevention are associated with possible complications, and there is conflicting data on the feasibility of their use. Based on this, the development of pharmacological methods for the prevention of fibrosis in dacryology is promising, among which the antitumor antibiotic Mitomycin C is the most studied. However, there are no specific scientifically substantiated recommendations for the use of this drug, and the data on its effectiveness vary. This has prompted researchers to look for and study alternative anti-fibrotic agents, such as antitumor drugs, glucocorticoids, hyaluronic acid, small molecule, biological, immunological and genetically engineered drugs, as well as nanoparticles. This review presents the current data on the efficacy and prospects of the use of these drugs in dacryology.
Основным этиологическим фактором, приводящим к дакриостенозу и последующей облитерации, является хронический воспалительный процесс в слезоотводяших путях. Профилактика этого процесса относится к насущным проблемам дакриологии. В настоящее время ведется крайне мало исследований, посвященных разработке и применению консервативных методов лечения дакриостеноза с использованием не только противовоспалительных, но и антифибротических препаратов. В связи с этим дакриоцисториностомия является основным методом лечения непроходимости слезоотводящих путей. Однако проблема рецидивирования после данной операции окончательно не решена. Причинами рецидивов могут быть рубцовое заращение дакриостомы, канальцевая обструкция, образование грануляций и синехий в области дакриостомы. Хирургические методы профилактики рецидива связаны с возможными осложнениями, и имеются противоречивые данные о целесообразности их применения. Исходя из этого, перспективным является развитие медикаментозных методов профилактики фибротизации в дакриологии, среди которых наиболее изучено использование противоопухолевого антибиотика Митомицина C. Однако конкретных научно обоснованных рекомендаций по применению этого препарата не существует, а данные о его эффективности разнятся. Этим продиктован интерес исследователей к поиску и изучению альтернативных антифибротических средств, таких как противоопухолевые препараты, глюкокортикостероиды, препараты гиалуроновой кислоты, низкомолекулярные, биологические, иммунологические и генно-инженерные препараты, а также наночастицы. В настоящем обзоре представлены имеющиеся на сегодняшний день данные об эффективности и перспективах применения таких препаратов в дакриологии.

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Our purpose was assess the long-term efficacy of 4-mm coronary balloon catheter dacryoplasty in revision endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (RevEnDCR). This retrospective interventional case-series was performed for patients who underwent RevEnDCR aided by a 4-mm coronary balloon catheter (CBC) dacryoplasty. The indications for the surgery were previously failed DCRs by external or endoscopic approach where the ostium showed near total cicatrization with or without the presence of organized granuloma threatening the internal common opening (ICO). The coronary balloon (4 × 10 mm, SPALNO, Cardiomac, Haryana, India) with the guidewire was used and a minimum of >12 months of follow-up was considered for analysis. Ten lacrimal systems of eight patients with mean age of 48.8 years underwent CBC-assisted revision endoscopic DCR. Of the 10 failed DCRs, 6 had a previous external approach DCR and 4 were endoscopic DCRs. Grossly stenosed ostium with near total cicatricial closure were noted in half of the patients (50%, 5/10) while the remaining half, in addition, showed organized granulomas threatening the ICO. The surgical technique using CBC was found to be minimally invasive, easy to perform with multiple advantages like uniform clearance of the area in front of ICO and more predictable lacrimal sac flaps. At a mean follow-up of 20 months, anatomical and functional success were achieved in 90% (9/10) of the eyes. We conclude that coronary balloon catheter-assisted revision endoscopic DCR is a minimally invasive and viable alternative in select group of patients of failed DCR with near total cicatrisation or organized granulomas threatening ICO.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the etiological factors contributing to the failure of a dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR).
METHODS: Retrospective review was performed in 100 consecutive patients who were diagnosed with anatomically failed DCR at presentation to a tertiary care hospital over a 5-year period from 2010 to 2015. Patient records were reviewed for demographic data, type of past surgery, preoperative endoscopic findings, previous use of adjuvants such as intubation and mitomycin C, and intraoperative notes during the re-revision. The potential etiological factors for failure were noted.
RESULTS: Of the 100 patients with failed DCRs, the primary surgery was an external DCR in 73 and endoscopic DCR in 27 patients. Six patients in each group had multiple revisions. The mean ages at presentation in the external and endoscopic groups were 39.41 years and 37.19 years, respectively. All patients presented with epiphora. The most common causes of failure were inadequate osteotomy (69.8% in the external group and 85.1% in the endoscopic group, P=0.19) followed by inadequate or inappropriate sac marsupialization (60.2% in the external group and 77.7% in the endoscopic group, P=0.16) and cicatricial closure of the ostium (50.6% in the external group and 55.5% in the endoscopic group, P=0.83). The least common causes such as ostium granulomas and paradoxical middle turbinate (1.37%, n=1) were noted in the external group only.
CONCLUSIONS: Inadequate osteotomy, incomplete sac marsupialization, and cicatricial closure of the ostium were the most common causes of failure and did not significantly differ in the external and endoscopic groups. Meticulous evaluation to identify causative factors for failure and addressing them are crucial for subsequent successful outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Long-term outcomes of revision dacryocystorhinostomy are less known. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term outcomes of revision powered endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR).
METHODS: Retrospective review of all consecutive revision powered endoscopic DCRs performed over a period of 10 years from 2003 to 2012 were included. All patients completed a minimum of 12 months follow-up following stent removal. Patient records were reviewed for demographic data, type of past surgery, causes of failure, clinical and surgical profiles, adjunctive procedures, complications, and success rates at last follow-up.
RESULTS: Twenty-three revision powered endoscopic DCRs were performed on 18 patients who had failed primary DCR. The mean age at surgery was 61 years (range, 28-84 years). All patients presented with epiphora. Nearly 67% (66.7%; 12/18) were failed endoscopic DCRs and 33.3% (6/18) were failed external DCRs. The most common cause of failure was from cicatricial closure of ostium in 55.5% (10/18) of the cases. Over 44% (44.4%; 8/18) of patients underwent adjunctive endonasal procedures at the time of revision endoscopic DCR. The mean follow-up was 26.4 months (range, 12-66 months). A complication of ostium granuloma in 1 patient was noted, which was successfully managed. At the last follow-up, anatomical success was achieved in 91.3% of the cases and functional success in 86.9%.
CONCLUSIONS: Powered endoscopic DCR is a suitable option for revising failed DCRs and offers good long-term results. Meticulous evaluation to identify causative factors of failure and addressing them is crucial for successful outcomes.