线粒体是复杂的细胞内细胞器,传统上被认为是真核细胞的动力装置,因为它们在生物能代谢中具有重要作用。近几十年来,人们对线粒体研究越来越感兴趣,这表明这些多功能的细胞器不仅仅是细胞的动力,作为调节细胞代谢的信号平台,扩散,死亡和免疫反应。作为关键监管机构,线粒体,当功能失调时,涉及广泛的代谢的发病机理,神经退行性疾病,免疫和肿瘤疾病。最近,线粒体因其涉及整个线粒体的细胞间易位能力而引起科学界的新关注,线粒体基因组或其他线粒体成分。线粒体的细胞间转运,定义为水平线粒体转移,可以在体外和体内发生在哺乳动物细胞中,在生理和病理条件下。线粒体转移可以提供外源性线粒体来源,补充功能失调的线粒体,从而改善线粒体故障或,就像肿瘤细胞一样,改变他们的功能技能和对化疗的反应。在这次审查中,我们将通过讨论线粒体细胞间运输的生物学相关性来提供最新知识的概述,该过程的模式和机制及其在不同病理生理环境中的参与,强调其治疗线粒体功能障碍疾病的潜力,主要涉及其发病机制。
Mitochondria are complex intracellular organelles traditionally identified as the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells due to their central role in bioenergetic metabolism. In recent decades, the growing interest in mitochondria research has revealed that these multifunctional organelles are more than just the cell powerhouses, playing many other key roles as signaling platforms that regulate cell metabolism, proliferation, death and immunological response. As key regulators, mitochondria, when dysfunctional, are involved in the pathogenesis of a wide range of metabolic, neurodegenerative, immune and neoplastic disorders. Far more recently, mitochondria attracted renewed attention from the scientific community for their ability of intercellular translocation that can involve whole mitochondria, mitochondrial genome or other mitochondrial components. The intercellular transport of mitochondria, defined as horizontal mitochondrial transfer, can occur in mammalian cells both in vitro and in vivo, and in physiological and pathological conditions. Mitochondrial transfer can provide an exogenous mitochondrial source, replenishing dysfunctional mitochondria, thereby improving mitochondrial faults or, as in in the case of tumor cells, changing their functional skills and response to chemotherapy. In this review, we will provide an overview of the state of the art of the up-to-date knowledge on intercellular trafficking of mitochondria by discussing its biological relevance, mode and mechanisms underlying the process and its involvement in different pathophysiological contexts, highlighting its therapeutic potential for diseases with mitochondrial dysfunction primarily involved in their pathogenesis.