尽管40多年前发现了细胞外囊泡(EV),作为细胞内通讯的新模式,人们对分泌的囊泡及其伴随的货物重新产生了兴趣。除了囊泡,两个膜纳米颗粒,exomeresandsupermeres,最近被隔离和表征。在这个迅速扩张的领域,将货物和特定职能分配给特定承运人一直具有挑战性。隔离方法的改进,良好控制的研究,和由最小信息研究细胞外囊泡(MISEV)详述的指南被用来“给混乱带来秩序”。“在这次审查中,我们将简要总结三种类型的细胞外载体-小型电动汽车(sEV),exomeres,和超级-在结直肠癌(CRC)的背景下。我们发现许多GPI锚定蛋白(GPI-AP)在CRC中过度表达,富含外泌体(sEV的不同子集),可以在外泌体和超生中检测到。这为阐述GPI-AP生物发生提供了机会,修改,以及使用DPEP1的贩运,DPEP1是一种在CRC中上调的GPI-AP,作为一个最好的例子。我们已经对CRC中分泌的GPI锚定蛋白进行了分类,并将突出我们检测到的所选CRC相关GPI锚定蛋白的特征。最后,我们将讨论在CRC中研究这些分泌的GPI-AP的剩余挑战和未来机遇.
Although extracellular vesicles (EVs) were discovered over 40 years ago, there has been a resurgence of interest in secreted vesicles and their attendant cargo as novel modes of intracellular communication. In addition to vesicles, two amembranous nanoparticles,
exomeres and supermeres, have been isolated and characterized recently. In this rapidly expanding field, it has been challenging to assign cargo and specific functions to a particular carrier. Refinement of isolation methods, well-controlled studies, and guidelines detailed by Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (MISEV) are being employed to \"bring order to chaos.\" In this review, we will briefly summarize three types of extracellular carriers - small EVs (sEVs),
exomeres, and supermeres - in the context of colorectal cancer (CRC). We found that a number of GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are overexpressed in CRC, are enriched in exosomes (a distinct subset of sEVs), and can be detected in
exomeres and supermeres. This affords the opportunity to elaborate on GPI-AP biogenesis, modifications, and trafficking using DPEP1, a GPI-AP upregulated in CRC, as a prime example. We have cataloged the GPI-anchored proteins secreted in CRC and will highlight features of select CRC-associated GPI-anchored proteins we have detected. Finally, we will discuss the remaining challenges and future opportunities in studying these secreted GPI-APs in CRC.