我们介绍了坦桑尼亚北部哈扎狩猎采集者对景观燃烧的首次出版的人种学描述,并确定了环境,社会,以及文化对哈扎景观燃烧的影响,从而扩大了为狩猎-采集者社区描述的人为焚烧行为的人种学记录。我们报告了2022年和2023年收集的采访数据,描述了他们对燃烧的原因和后果的做法和态度。我们通过将我们的观察结果与非洲狩猎和采集人口的记录进行比较来提供背景,澳大利亚,和北美。哈扎景观燃烧通常是一种孤独和男性主导的活动,与北美和澳大利亚对土著景观燃烧的人种学描述相反。Hadza提出的景观燃烧的主要目标是改善狩猎,减少危险动物的危害,减少牲畜的密度。现场观察表明,在过去的20年里,景观燃烧已经减少,这种历史趋势得到了采访的支持。卫星图像还显示,从2001年到2022年,该地区的燃烧活动总体减少。在Hadza中,景观燃烧是一种受文化影响和强烈性别偏见的活动,正在迅速消失。因为燃烧可以从根本上改变景观,这些做法通常会产生或扩大具有不同土地使用策略的群体之间的利益冲突。哈扎报告说,由于景观燃烧,与牧民发生了严重的社会冲突,我们的研究表明,在过去的二十年中,这种紧张关系限制了这种做法。
We present the first published ethnographic description of landscape burning by Hadza hunter-gatherers of northern Tanzania and identify environmental, social, and cultural influences on Hadza landscape burning, thereby broadening the ethnographic record of anthropogenic burning practices described for hunter-gatherer communities. We report interview data collected in 2022 and 2023, describing their practices and attitudes regarding the causes and consequences of burning. We provide context by comparing our observations with those recorded for hunting and gathering populations in Africa, Australia, and North America. Hadza landscape burning is generally a solitary and male-dominated activity, contrary to ethnographic accounts of Indigenous landscape burning from North America and Australia. The primary goals stated by Hadza for landscape burning were improved hunting, reduced hazards from dangerous animals, and to reduce the density of livestock. Firsthand observations suggest that landscape burning has decreased over the past 20 years, and this historical trend is supported by interviews. Satellite imagery also suggests an overall decrease in burning activity in the region from 2001 to 2022. Among the Hadza, landscape burning is a culturally influenced and strongly gender-biased activity that is rapidly disappearing. Because burning can radically transform landscapes, these practices often generate or amplify conflicts of interest between groups with different land use strategies. Hadza report serious social conflict with pastoralists over landscape burning, and our study suggests this tension has constrained the practice in the past two decades.