BACKGROUND: Ethnic socialisation plays a vital role in the development of ethnic minority adolescents. However, the generalizability of research findings beyond the context of immigrant societies in the United States remains unclear.
METHODS: Utilising a person-centred approach, this study analysed a sample of 2,600 ethnic minority adolescents in China (55.8% female, Mage = 14.93 ± 1.82) to explore ethnic socialisation patterns, and their correlations with depression.
RESULTS: Latent profile analysis revealed four distinct ethnic socialisation profiles: low-frequency, moderate-frequency, high-frequency and proactive integration orientation. Adolescents with the high-frequency profile displayed the highest levels of depression, followed by those with the moderate-frequency profile, whereas adolescents with the low-frequency and proactive integration orientation profiles showed a lower risk of depression.
CONCLUSIONS: Within the sociocultural context of China, ethnic minority families\' ethnic socialisation practices demonstrate unique characteristics. Various ethnic socialisation messages are integrated in diverse patterns to exert influence on adolescents.

UNASSIGNED: Secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) among youth is a serious public health concern, leading to an increased risk of conditions such as asthma and respiratory infections. However, there is little research on SHSe among vulnerable populations, such as racial and sexual minorities. Understanding the factors associated with youth SHSe in homes and vehicles is crucial to developing better protective policies.
UNASSIGNED: This study utilized 2020 data from the National Youth Tobacco Survey, a representative sample of middle- and high-school students in the US. The primary outcomes were youth SHSe at home and while riding in a vehicle. Multinomial regression models were used to assess factors associated with SHSe.
UNASSIGNED: The data included 9,912 students enrolled in grades 6 through 12 in the United States who reported never using any form of tobacco. Non-Hispanic Black students living with someone who does not use any form of tobacco products were significantly more likely to experience moderate [OR = 2.1 (1.1-3.9), p = 0.03] and severe [OR = 5.1 (2.2-11.7), p < 0.001] secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) in homes compared to their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Heterosexual female students had lower odds of reporting moderate SHSe in the home compared to heterosexual males [OR = 0.7 (0.6-0.99), p = 0.02], whereas bisexual females had two-fold increased odds of severe SHSe in homes [OR = 2.0 (1.2-3.4), p = 0.01].
UNASSIGNED: Significant efforts are needed to develop targeted interventions to reduce SHSe in homes and vehicles, particularly in these vulnerable populations.

BACKGROUND: Ethnic minority populations experience significant health and social care disparities; despite experiencing a greater burden of diseases, these groups are underrepresented in health and social care research. Consequently, related research can be less applicable to these population groups. The REPRESENT study aims to explore the health and social care experiences of ethnic minorities and other minoritised populations, their research interests and appropriate research practices.
METHODS: Focus groups and semistructured interviews were conducted between May and September 2022 with members of a number of ethnic minority communities in England. Data were audio recorded, transcribed and thematically coded using NVivo 12. Rigour was determined through extensive sampling, iterative data collection and analysis.
RESULTS: Fifty-two ethnic minority members were engaged in group interviews and one-to-one interviews. Participants included representatives of the following groups: African Caribbean, Eastern European, Gypsy Travellers, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex and Asexual+, Refugee/Asylum Seekers, Somali and South Asian communities. Interviews were also conducted with ethnic minority healthcare providers and researchers. Three overarching categories were identified: health information, medical service experiences, health and social care concerns and health research. Health and social care services challenges were mostly attributed to discrimination, delayed services, poor cultural relevance and language and cultural barriers. The most influential information sources were local community organisations and word-of-mouth. The main health and social care concerns were chronic long-term health conditions, mental health, maternal health and child development. Recommendations for research involved understanding the motivations for participation, improving communication and empowering communities. Top research priorities were long-term health conditions, health promotion and education, early care interventions and understanding community needs.
CONCLUSIONS: Discrimination and bias in health and social care provision have severe implications for worsening ethnic health inequalities. Healthcare commissioning authorities and policymakers can leverage the preference of ethnic minority groups for pharmacy services and community organisations to improve access to care. Improving research interest and engagement requires understanding individual community needs, community sensitivity, research relevance and cultural appropriateness.
UNASSIGNED: Members of ethnic minority Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement group and Community Advisory Board supported the REPRESENT study design, conceptualisation and report development.

BACKGROUND: Effective consumer engagement practices can enhance patient safety. This is important for consumers from ethnic minority backgrounds who are exposed to increased risk of patient safety events. Using the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety model, this study explored staff experiences of creating opportunities for engagement with consumers from ethnic minority backgrounds to contribute to their cancer care safety.
METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted using semistructured interviews with cancer service staff from four cancer services across two states in Australia. Purposive sampling was used to recruit healthcare staff from a diverse range of professions. Data were analysed using the Framework Analysis method.
RESULTS: Fifty-four interviews were conducted with healthcare staff. Analysis of the qualitative interview data identified enablers and associated challenges that contributed to creating a shared understanding between consumers and staff of the information, processes, expectations and problems arising in care. Enablers and challenges are reported in relation to four themes: (1) co-creating safety through shared understanding of care processes; (2) tools and technologies support planned communication; (3) organisational policy levers exist but lack implementation in direct care and (4) formal tasks incorporate consumer engagement more readily than informal interactions.
CONCLUSIONS: The availability of infrastructure and resources to support communication with consumers from ethnic minority backgrounds was limited to specific tasks across the cancer care continuum. Strategies implemented by health services to foster effective communication during formal interactions now require expansion to support and create conditions for effective consumer engagement during informal and everyday care tasks. The use of innovative language support tools and cultural considerations are required at the service and system level to support consumer engagement in all types of care interactions.
UNASSIGNED: The study was embedded within a larger project that included a consumer investigator and was guided by a consumer advisory group (CAG). These consumer team members have lived experience of cancer and are from diverse ethnic backgrounds. CAG members provided feedback on the draft interview guide and participant information for this study.

It is well established that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a substantial impact on ethnic minority communities and has worsened existing health inequalities experienced by these populations globally. Individuals from ethnic minority backgrounds have not only been more likely to become infected with COVID-19 throughout the pandemic, but they have also higher risk of adverse symptoms and death following infection. Factors responsible for these discrepancies are wide reaching and encompass all aspects of the social determinants of health (SDoH). Although always an area of concern among healthcare professionals, barriers to health care experienced by ethnic minority populations became a more pertinent issue during the COVID-19 pandemic when all individuals required sufficient and sustained access to a healthcare system (whether this be for COVID-19 testing, vaccination or treatment). These healthcare barriers exacerbated the increased COVID-19 burden experienced by minority populations and will continue to detrimentally impact the health of these populations during future COVID-19 waves or indeed, future novel pandemics. This chapter aims to summarise the major healthcare barriers experienced by minority populations throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, including COVID-19 prevention, vaccine rollout, care during hospitalisation and post-COVID care for long COVID patients. To end, this chapter will summarise lessons learned and future directions that need to be taken to improve health disparities and healthcare access for minority populations in relation to the COVID pandemic and beyond.

UNASSIGNED: Resident-to-resident aggression (RRA) in long-term care facilities is gaining recognition as a serious problem. Racial/ethnic conflict may be a contributing factor to RRA incidents, but it remains insufficiently studied. Our goal was to explore overt racial/ethnic conflict in RRA.
UNASSIGNED: We used quantitative and qualitative secondary analyses of existing data from a large, rigorously conducted study of RRA to describe the involved residents and patterns of overt racial/ethnic conflicts.
UNASSIGNED: The parent study included information of 2011 residents in 10 randomly selected New York State nursing homes with a wide range of racial/ethnic minority residents (4.2%-63.2%). A subset of 407 residents were involved in RRA.
UNASSIGNED: We re-examined data from the parent study, which used an innovative approach to identify RRA incidents by reconstructing each incident based on residents\' self-reports, staff interviews, field observations, and medical chart review. Resident and facility information was collected.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 35 residents (8.6% of those involved in RRA incidents) were identified as involved in overt racial/ethnic conflicts. These residents were more likely to have had less education than residents involved in other types of RRA but not in overt racial/ethnic conflicts. More than half (56.9%) of the 51 incidents of RRA involving overt racial/ethnic conflict between a specific pair of residents occurred repeatedly. Manifestation of racial/ethnic conflicts included physical violence, discrimination, racial/ethnic slurs, stereotypes, and microaggression. Acute precipitants of these incidents included various communal-living challenges and unmet needs at the facility, relational, and individual levels. Psychological and behavioral consequences were also described.
UNASSIGNED: We found a broad range of manifestations, acute precipitants, circumstances surrounding, and consequences of overt racial/ethnic conflicts in RRA. Additional research is needed to improve understanding of this phenomenon and how staff may effectively intervene and prevent it.

BACKGROUND: Current research has identified how ethnic minority women experience poorer health outcomes during the perinatal period. In the United Kingdom, specialist perinatal mental health services provide mental health treatment for women throughout the perinatal period. Service users have previously highlighted that perinatal services are hard to access and lack cultural sensitivity, whereas healthcare professionals have described limited opportunities and resources for developing cultural competency.
OBJECTIVE: We explored the experiences of ethnic minority women with National Health Service (NHS) specialist perinatal teams and identified what culturally sensitive perinatal mental health care means to this group.
METHODS: Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted, and an interpretative phenomenological analysis framework was used to analyse the interview transcripts.
METHODS: Participants were recruited from NHS specialist perinatal teams and online via social media.
RESULTS: Six women were interviewed. Four group experiential themes central to the experiences of participants emerged: (1) strengthening community networks and peer support; (2) valuing cultural curiosity; (3) making sense of how culture, ethnicity, race and racism impact mental health; and (4) tailoring interventions to ethnic minority women and their families.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings capture how ethnic minority women experience specialist perinatal teams and offer insights into practising culturally sensitive care. Perinatal mental health professionals can support ethnic minority women by strengthening their access to community resources and peer support; being curious about their culture; helping them to make sense of how culture, ethnicity, race and mental health interact; and applying cultural and practical adaptations to interventions.
UNASSIGNED: A Lived Experience Advisory Group (LEAG) of women from ethnic minority groups contributed to the design and conduct of this study. The LEAG had lived experience of perinatal mental health conditions and accessing specialist perinatal teams. The LEAG chose to co-produce specific aspects of the research they felt fit with their skills and available time throughout five group sessions. These aspects included developing the interview topic guide, a structure for debriefing participants and advising on the social media recruitment strategy.

At the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, racial/ethnic minority residents of Prince George\'s County were disproportionately affected by the virus. This report from the field details an intervention that trained community health workers recruited from racial/ethnic minority communities to promote COVID-19 vaccination and health literacy among racially/ethnically diverse communities.

BACKGROUND: Co-use of nicotine, alcohol and/or cannabis is common among adults in the United States. Co-use may represent greater addiction severity than single substance use. Recent studies have examined the extent to which the frequency, order, simultaneity, motivations, and contextual factors associated with co-use differ from that of single use. Co-use has become prevalent among racial/ethnic minority individuals who exhibit distinct co-use patterns and related outcomes; however, most of these studies rely on cross-sectional or sparse longitudinal observations. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) can illuminate such patterns and associations with time-varying contexts. This review summarizes EMA studies on co-use published from 2008 to 2023 involving racial/ethnic minority individuals and point to gaps. Our review addresses: 1) whether use of one substance leads to substitution or complementary use of another, 2) whether antecedents/contexts differ by co-use patterns and minority status, and 3) what consequences of co-use have been documented across co-use patterns or minority status.
METHODS: Search results yielded 465 articles, with 33 meeting inclusion criteria. We extracted study-level characteristics and synthesized the findings.
RESULTS: The findings largely focused on co-use patterns, categories of co-use, proximal antecedents and contexts, and consequences. Variations by minority status were rarely examined; few examined acute effects of unique experiences that may contribute to co-use among racial/ethnic minority adults.
CONCLUSIONS: The EMA literature on co-use is burgeoning in recent years and supports complementary hypothesis. More research to capture time-intensive data on experiences to contextualize the co-use among racial/ethnic minority groups with greater diversity in race/ethnicity is warranted.

UNASSIGNED: Increased understanding of dementia risk-reduction and early detection of Alzheimer\'s disease and related disorders has spurred interest in the identification of risks for dementia, underlying putative biologies, or dementia itself. Implementation of such approaches require acceptability to the public. Research prior to 2012 indicated limited acceptability for population dementia screening. The changing landscape of dementia prevention research may influence recent perceptions. Additionally, perspectives from underserved populations, such as ethnic minorities and low socio-economic groups, are lacking.
UNASSIGNED: In this systematic review, we sought published studies since 2012 on attitudes and preferences of people with dementia, carers and the general public from ethnic minorities and low socio-economic groups regarding dementia screening.
UNASSIGNED: This review was preregistered on PROSPERO (CRD42023384115) and followed PRISMA guidelines. Key search terms were entered into five databases. Articles were included if they focused on population or risk screening for dementia via primary/community care-based assessments, and which included majority ethnic minority or low socio-economic groups or discretely considered these groups in data analysis. Data were synthesized narratively.
UNASSIGNED: Seven studies reported perspectives of ethnic minorities regarding dementia screening; one study included people from low socio-economic groups. Results indicated that participants from ethnic minorities were willing to undergo dementia screening. Predictors of willingness included belief in benefits, desire to boost diversity, and to implement lifestyle changes. Unwillingness was associated with anxiety regarding results.
UNASSIGNED: Although there seems to be high acceptability for screening in the studied groups, more research is necessary to explore the practical considerations for screening such as cultural and economic barriers, trust, and post-screening actions.