The exploration of naming error patterns in aphasia provides insights into the cognitive processes underlying naming performance. We investigated how semantic and phonological abilities correlate and how they influence naming performance in aphasia. Data from 296 individuals with aphasia, drawn from the Moss Aphasia Psycholinguistics Project Database, were analyzed using a structural equation model. The model incorporated latent variables for semantics and phonology and manifest variables for naming accuracy and error patterns. There was a moderate positive correlation between semantics and phonology after controlling for overall aphasia severity. Both semantic and phonological abilities influenced naming accuracy. Semantic abilities negatively related to semantic, mixed, unrelated errors, and no responses. Interestingly, phonology positively affected semantic errors. Additionally, phonological abilities negatively related to each of phonological and neologism errors. These results highlight the role of semantic and phonological skills on naming performance in aphasia and reveal a relationship between these cognitive processes.

Deaf signers consistently show shorter memory spans than hearing nonsigners, but the scope and nature of this difference remain unclear. The present study tested whether Deaf signers are biased toward flexible use of visual aspects of linguistic items. Matched samples of adult Deaf signers (N = 33) and hearing nonsigners (N = 32) performed a letter-span task with visual serial presentation, to bias phonological processing, and a simultaneous presentation, to bias visuospatial processing. We also manipulated short-term memory by varying recall direction (forward, backward). Analyses revealed reduced spans for Deaf signers compared with hearing nonsigners, backward compared with forward recall, and sequential compared with simultaneous presentation. Item-level responses indicated that Deaf signers made more errors than hearing nonsigners across three error types. Deaf signers also showed reduced item position binding compared with hearing nonsigners, which indicates differences related to item order and sequencing in tasks with printed, linguistic stimuli. Deaf signers were the only group who demonstrated reduced omission errors when switching from sequential to simultaneous presentation, suggesting flexible processing mechanisms. No group differences were found for a secondary spatial span test, indicating the scope of group differences for ordered information was limited to verbal items. Overall, results are consistent with flexible use of different memory cues in Deaf signers. A core area for future research includes evaluating reduced activation of phonological representations of linguistic items in Deaf signers. These results amplify a novel M3 model approach for evaluating how errors contribute to short-term memory differences in Deaf signers.

The use of trajectory rods at shooting scenes to document a bullet\'s trajectory is useful since the probing method provides for an immediate visual reference as to where the projectile came from and where it may have been traveling to. Trajectory rods are also quite simple to measure with manual tools. However, the use of trajectory rods is not always possible because a bullet may strike a relatively thin material, such as a metal panel, creating a bullet impact that is not suitable for determining the bullet\'s path using the probing method. In these cases, it may be possible to use the elliptical method or the lead-in method. The ellipse method has been shown to have some of its own challenges when the bullet impact site is highly deformed while the lead-in method is less studied and only useful over lower ranges of impact angles. This study looks to define the lead-in method and then test its performance with 15 blind participants and 5 different calibers, each with two different types of ammunition. The results of this study have shown that each combination of caliber and ammunition has its own characteristic error curve that appears to change with the known impact angle. Errors do not remain constant and in some cases, the errors exceed 20°. The range of errors is greater at higher angles of incidence where the lead-in area is relatively small. The procedures outlined in this study propose a method of use, highlight limitations, and provide insight into the accuracy for the lead-in method.

The Persian language is a member of the Western Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian family within the Indo-European language family. Here, we aimed to study phonological development in Persian-speaking children.
The speech samples were collected from 387 children, aged 3-6 years old, using two picture-naming tasks: Persian Articulation and Phonology tests, which were used to study phonetic and phonemic inventories, phoneme accuracy, and the age of error patterns suppression.
Vowels are acquired at three or earlier. Acquisition of all consonants in the initial position precedes that of the final position. Older children had higher values in phoneme accuracy compared with those of the younger children. Although no significant effects of gender on phonological development were found, girls had higher accuracy scores compared with boys. Final devoicing and cluster reduction were the last error patterns which were suppressed by 6.0.
The results showed that the accuracy of children\'s productions grew with age and the number of error patterns decreased. It seems that there are some similarities between phonological developments in different languages; however, it is still important to study language specific tendencies to be used in clinical settings and speech sound development research.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper was to describe the error patterns of the dorsal rhotic /ʁ̞/ in the speech of typically developing Hebrew-speaking children and to examine the prosodic effect (i.e., position in the word and stress pattern) of its production. Method and Participants: The participants included 50 monolingual Hebrew-speaking children aged 2;6-3;3 years. The children performed an articulation task in which they were asked to articulate 18 disyllabic words composed of vowel-adjacent rhotics in initial, medial, and final word positions in both stressed and unstressed syllables.
RESULTS: The results revealed that dorsal rhotics were produced correctly in 78.7% of the target words. The main error patterns were rhotic deletion and devoicing. There were fewer correct productions in initial word positions than in both medial and final word positions. No stress effect was found. In addition, 76% of the children produced the consonant correctly in over half of their productions.
CONCLUSIONS: The result demonstrating a higher rate of errors in initial word positions may be due to the relatively late acquisition of the initial onset position in multisyllabic Hebrew words. Alternatively, this finding may result from the greater degree of allophonic variation found in this position. The finding that languages with dorsal rhotics have unique error patterns compared to other rhotics strengthens the evidence that rhotic error patterns are dependent on the rhotics\' phonetic characteristics.

OBJECTIVE: The number-transcoding task on the Japanese version of the Rapid Dementia Screening Test requires mutual conversion between Arabic and Chinese numerals (e.g. 209 → , 4054 → ,  → 681,  → 2027). During this task, some characteristic errors have been seen among patients with Alzheimer\'s disease (AD). The objective of this study was to clarify whether the frequency of appearance of error patterns differs between patients with mild and severe AD according to Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scores.
METHODS: A total of 250 patients with AD were recruited and subsequently categorized into two groups based on CDR scores (mild AD: CDR of 0.5 or 1; severe AD: CDR of 2 or 3). We analyzed 19 qualitative error patterns, including 15 that had been reported to date and 4 previously unreported errors, in each subtest.
RESULTS: The frequency of appearance of two previously reported and four previously unreported errors in the mild and severe AD groups, respectively, were statistically significant.
CONCLUSIONS: Characteristic error pattern distributions in number transcoding can be observed in patients with mild and severe AD according to CDR scores and offers useful information for interpreting cognitive screening data.

This paper examines a range of predicted versus attested error patterns involving coronal fricatives (e.g. [s, z, θ, ð]) as targets and repairs in the early sound systems of monolingual English-acquiring children. Typological results are reported from a cross-sectional study of 234 children with phonological delays (ages 3 years; 0 months to 7;9). Our analyses revealed different instantiations of a putative developmental conspiracy within and across children. Supplemental longitudinal evidence is also presented that replicates the cross-sectional results, offering further insight into the life-cycle of the conspiracy. Several of the observed typological anomalies are argued to follow from a modified version of Optimality Theory with Candidate Chains (McCarthy, 2007).