Colistin is a polymyxin antimicrobic mainly used to treat infection caused by multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Mechanisms of colistin resistance are linked to the mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes, which are transferable within mobile plasmids. Currently, there is limited research on the environmental dissemination of these genes. The behavioural and morphological characteristics of Apis mellifera L. make honey bees effective environmental bioindicators for assessing the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. This study aims to evaluate the colistin phenotypic and genotypic resistance in environmental Gram-negative bacteria isolated from foraging honey bees, across a network of 33 colonies distributed across the Emilia-Romagna region in Italy. Phenotypic resistances were determined through a microdilution assay using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) with dilutions ranging from 0.5 μg/ml to 256 μg/ml. Strains with MIC values gather than 2 μg/ml were classified as resistant. Also, the identification of the nine mcr genes was carried out using two separate multiplex PCR assays. The study found that 68.5% of isolates were resistant and the genus with the higher resistance rates observed in Enterobacter spp. (84.5%). At least one mcr gene was found in 137 strains (53.3%). The most detected gene was mcr5 (35.3%), which was the most frequently detected gene in the seven provinces, while the least observed was mcr4 (4.8%), detected only in two provinces. These results suggested the feasibility of detecting specific colistin resistance genes in environmentally spread bacteria and understanding their distribution at the environmental level, despite their restricted clinical use. In a One-Health approach, this capability enables valuable environmental monitoring, considering the significant role of colistin in the context of public health.

Biodiversity within composting systems involves a variety of microorganisms including nematodes. In the research, nematode populations were monitored within six simultaneously operating composting processes. These processes involved varying proportions of feedstock materials. The primary objective was to evaluate the consistency of nematode community succession patterns across the composting processes over a time of 3 months. During the study, samples were taken every month to isolate nematodes, determine the population density of the five trophic groups (per genus) and determine the dominant nematode species. It was shown that the bacterial-feeding community maintained dominance, while the fungus-feeding nematodes gradually increased in dominance as the maturation process progressed. The presence of predatory nematodes Mononchoides which were initially absent, along with the total absence of parasitic nematodes in the late stages of waste stabilization, serves as strong evidence for the reliable evaluation of the biodegradable waste processing level. Based on the obtained results, it is evident that the succession of nematode communities holds promise as a reliable method for evaluating compost maturity.

The phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an increasingly real and relevant health problem. It is essential to verify the spread of this phenomenon in the environment. The European honey bee, Apis mellifera L., is a globally managed pollinator continuously used for biomonitoring thanks to its morphological and behavioural characteristics. During their foraging activities, a large number of honey bees move in the area surrounding the hive within a 1.5 km of radius. Besides, their body covered with hair and bristles are able to intercept pollen and minute particles, such as atmospheric particles, contaminants and microorganisms. For these reasons, A. mellifera L. is widely used as an environmental sentinel, especially for detecting pollutants, pesticides, microorganisms, and AMR. This systematic review aimed to collect and summarize the role of honey bee colonies as a biological monitor of AMR pathogenic bacteria and the environmental spread of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). From honey bees were isolated a wide range of pathogenic and environmental bacteria strains, harbouring AMR and ARGs. However, AMR and ARGs were detected not only in environmental bacteria but also in symbiotic bacteria colonizing the bee gut. This systematic review highlights the employment of potential use of honey bees as AMR sentinel helpful for ecosystem health to implement possible control measures for humans, animals and plants, in the context of the \"One-Health\" approach.

E-waste is a pressing situation on human due to its complex composition. Although E-waste on one hand has some toxic components but at the same time, it would be a promising business sector. Recycling of E-waste to mine-out valuable metals and other components has opened a chance of business and hence a way towards transformation of linear economy to circular one. Chemical, physical and traditional technologies are holding the position in E-waste recycling sector but sustainability with respect to cost and environmental issues is a major concern associated with these technologies. In order to overcome these gaps, lucrative, environment friendly and sustainable technologies need to be implied. Biological approaches could be a green and clean approach to handle E-waste through sustainable and cost-effective means by considering socio-economic and environmental aspects. This review elaborates biological approaches for E-waste management and advancements in expanse. The novelty covers the environmental and socio-economic impacts of E-waste, solution and further scope of biological approaches, further research and development need in this contour to come up with sustainable recycling process.

Microbial community succession in turbulent estuarine environments is key to the understanding of microbial community development in estuaries. Centennial-scale sediment core samples collected from the Liao River Estuary (LRE) channel bar and side beaches were studied for geochemistry and 16S rRNA gene-based bacterial analyses. The results showed that bacterial community composition significantly differed between the sediments of the two sides of the channel bar, with Campilobacterota and Bacteroidota being dominant bacterial phyla in the tributary (T1, T2) and mainstream (MS1, MS2) sediment, respectively. Co-occurrence network of the bacterial community at the genus level showed more centralized and compacted topological features in tributary with weaker hydrodynamic, and the keystone taxas were Halioglobus, Luteolibacter, and Lutibacter in the bacterial community. The bacterial network structure had more edges and larger average degree in LRE sediments from the stage of the year 2016-2009 and the stage before 1939, which was possibly related to hydrodynamic conditions and nutrients. Stochastic processes (dispersal limitation) were the key factors driving bacterial community assembly in the LRE sediments. In addition, total organic carbon (TOC), total sulfur (TS), and grain size were the main deterministic factors affecting the change of bacterial community structure. Relative microbial abundance has the potential to indicate geologically historical environmental changes. This study provided a new perspective to reveal the succession and response of bacterial communities under frequent fluctuation environments.

Over six million people die prematurely each year from exposure to air pollution. Current air quality metrics insufficiently monitor exposure to air pollutants. This gap hinders the ability of decisionmakers to address the public health impacts of air pollution. To spur new emissions control policies and ensure implemented solutions realize meaningful gains in environmental health, we develop a framework of public-health-focused air quality indicators that quantifies over 200 countries\' trends in exposure to particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds. We couple population density to ground-level pollutant concentrations to derive population-weighted exposure metrics that quantify the pollutant levels experienced by the average resident in each country. Our analyses demonstrate that most residents in 171 countries experience pollutant levels exceeding international health guidelines. In addition, we find a negative correlation between temporal trends in ozone and nitrogen oxide concentrations, which─when qualitatively interpreted with a simple atmospheric chemistry box model─can help describe the apparent tradeoff between the mitigation of these two pollutants on local scales. These novel indicators and their applications enable regulators to identify their most critical pollutant exposure trends and allow countries to track the performance of their emission control policies over time.

A tool to quantify the pollution potential of leachate, termed the revised leachate pollution index (r-LPI), has been developed. It was developed using the fuzzy Delphi analytic hierarchy process (FDAHP). The formulation entails four major steps: parameter selection, weight calculation, normalization of parameters, and aggregation of the parameters. Eleven leachate parameters categorized into three criteria were selected using the fuzzy Delphi method (FDM). The relative weights of the parameters and the criteria were computed using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP), and rating curves were used for normalization of the parameters. The selection of an aggregation function is one of the most critical steps in the development of a composite indicator. In this study, the concept of r-LPI was briefly discussed and 14 different aggregation functions were examined to estimate the pollution potential of landfill leachate. Based on accountability and non-accountability of weights of the parameters, ambiguity, eclipsing, and constant functional behavior, 8 aggregation functions were eliminated. The remaining six aggregation functions were subjected to sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, information lost due to aggregation of parameters was quantified. Based on the findings, it was concluded that the weighted additive function effectively quantifies the pollution potential of landfill leachate and thus recommended for the r-LPI.

This paper provides a comprehensive review of 71 previous studies on the life cycle assessment (LCA) of nanomaterials (NMs) from 2001 to 2020 (19 years). Although various studies have been carried out to assess the efficiency and potential of wastes for nanotechnology, little attention has been paid to conducting a comprehensive analysis related to the environmental performance and hotspot of NMs, based on LCA methodology. Therefore, this paper highlights and discusses LCA methodology\'s basis (goal and scope definition, system boundary, life cycle inventory, life cycle impact assessment, and interpretation) to insights into current practices, limitations, progress, and challenges of LCA application NMs. We found that there is still a lack of comprehensive LCA study on the environmental impacts of NMs until end-of-life stages, thereby potentially supporting misleading conclusions, in most of the previous studies reviewed. For a comprehensive evaluation of LCA of NMs, we recommend that future studies should: (1) report more detailed and transparent LCI data within NMs LCA studies; (2) consider the environmental impacts and potential risks of NMs within their whole life cycle; (3) adopt a transparent and prudent characterization model; and (4) include toxicity, uncertainty, and sensitivity assessments to analyze the exposure pathways of NMs further. Future recommendations towards improvement and harmonization of methodological for future research directions were discussed and provided. This study\'s findings redound to future research in the field of LCA NMs specifically, considering that the release of NMs into the environment is yet to be explored due to limited understanding of the mechanisms and pathways involved.

The effects of a composite polyphenolic-rich extract (CPRE) on ruminal fermentation, nutrient utilisation, growth performance, excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus and methane emission were studied in growing buffaloes. Four herbal dry extracts prepared from Acacia arabica (babul; bark), Acacia catechu (cutch; bark), Punica granatum (pomegranate; peel) and Eugenia jambolana (Indian blackberry; seeds) were mixed in an equal proportion (1:1:1:1) to prepare the CPRE that contained mainly phenolic compounds (146 g/kg), flavonoids (41.7 g/kg) and saponins (40.5 g/kg). First, in vitro tests were performed for ruminal fermentation and feed degradability using ruminal fluid as inocula and CPRE at 0 to 40 g/kg substrate to decide an optimal dose of CPRE for an in vivo study on buffaloes. In the animal study, 20 buffaloes were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 10)-a control diet and a CPRE diet (control diet added with extra 20 g/kg of CPRE). The in vitro tests suggested that addition of CPRE at 20 g/kg substrate increased degradability of substrate, short-chain fatty acid concentration and propionate proportion, and reduced methane production, acetate proportion, acetate:propionate ratio and ammonia concentration in fermentation media, which were also noted in the rumen of buffaloes. Feeding CRPE to buffaloes did not affect feed intake, but increased daily body weight gain, dry matter and crude protein digestibility and nitrogen and phosphorus retention in the body. Total bacteria, methanogens and protozoal numbers were similar between two groups, but Fibrobacter succinogenes increased in the rumen of buffaloes fed CPRE. Concentrations of total, essential, non-essential and glucogenic amino acids were greater in the plasma of CPRE-fed buffaloes. Cell-mediated immune response improved in the CPRE-fed buffaloes compared with the control group. Estimated methane production and excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus per unit of body weight gain decreased in the CPRE group. The comprehensive results of this study clearly suggested that the composite polyphenol-rich feed additive at 20 g/kg diet improved growth performance, ruminal fermentation, immunity and plasma amino acids profile, whereas it reduced indicators of environmental impacts of buffalo production.

Fungi are important compartments of microbial communities of mangroves. Their diversity might be influenced by their habitat environment. This study analyzed the distribution and function of fungal communities in the sediments and plant samples from mangrove ecosystem of the Maowei Sea area in Guangxi, China. The results showed that phytopathogenic fungi Cladosporium (17.00%) was mainly observed in the sediments from the protected zone, while endophytic fungi Alternaria (9.22%) and Acremonium (6.09%) were only observed in the sediments from wharf. The fungi in the sediments from village and park were mainly consisted of high-activity endophytes and fungi related to lignin-degrading, respectively. Acaulospora and Aspergillus with higher relative abundance discovered in plant tissues could help plant growth. Cirrenalia (37.66%) and Lignincola (26.73%) with high-activity for lignin-degrading were discovered in decayed leaves. The distribution and function of fungi were highly dependent on the environment settings, thus the fungi can be used as indicators for monitoring the environmental change of mangrove ecosystems.