Accurate assessment of material and energy exchange between land and atmosphere is essential for water resources management and sustainable development of agriculture. To understand the characteristics of energy distribution and the dynamic change process of water and heat fluxes within the maize farmland ecosystem in the old course of Yellow River and their response to meteorological factors, we utilized the eddy covariance measurements and the full-element automatic weather station to continuously observe energy fluxes and conventional meteorological elements of summer maize farmland in the old course of Yellow River during 2019-2020. We analyzed the variation of energy fluxes and the effects of environmental factors, such as temperature, precipitation, and wind speed. Additionally, we calculated the energy closure rate and the proportion of energy distribution during the growth stage. The results showed that the peaks of net radiation, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux occurred between 11:00 and 14:00, and the peak of soil heat flux occurred between 14:00 and 15:00. In terms of energy distribution, energy consumption of summer maize farmland during the whole growth period was dominated by latent heat flux and sensible heat flux. Energy was mainly consumed by sensible heat flux at sowing-emergence stage, accounting for 37.1% of net radiation, respectively. Energy in the rest of growth stages was dominated by latent heat flux. The energy closure rate during the whole growth period was better, with a coefficient of determination of 0.83, and the closure rate was higher in day and lower at night. Precipitation affected latent heat flux and sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux was more sensitive to precipitation. The increase of latent heat flux after rainfall was lower in late growth stage than in early growth stage. During the whole growth period of summer maize, solar radiation was the most significant meteorological factor affecting both sensible heat flux and latent heat flux, followed by vapor pressure deficit. The contribution of temperature and vapor pressure deficit to latent heat flux was significantly higher than sensible heat flux, while the relative contribution of wind speed, relative humidity, and solar radiation to latent heat flux was lower than sensible heat flux. Leaf area index and fractional vegetation cover had a significant positive correlation with latent heat flux and a significant negative correlation with sensible heat flux. Our results could deepen the understanding of water and heat transfer law of summer maize farmland in the old course of Yellow River, providing a theoretical basis for efficient water use of crops.
精确评估地-气之间物质和能量交换对于有效管理水资源和促进农业可持续发展至关重要。为揭示黄河故道区玉米农田生态系统的能量分配特征和水热分量动态变化过程及其对气象因子的变化响应,本研究基于涡度相关系统和全要素自动气象站,对2019—2020年黄河故道区典型夏玉米农田生态系统的能量通量以及常规气象要素进行不间断观测,分析夏玉米农田各能量通量的变化特征以及与气温、降水、风速等环境因子的相关关系,并计算夏玉米生育时期的能量闭合率和能量分配比率。结果表明: 研究区夏玉米净辐射、显热通量和潜热通量的峰值出现在 11:00—14:00,土壤热通量的峰值发生在 14:00—15:00。在能量分配上,夏玉米农田全生育期的能量分配以潜热通量和显热通量为主,播种-出苗期能量主要被显热通量消耗,占净辐射的37.1%,其余生育周期的能量均以潜热通量消耗为主。全生育期能量闭合率较好,决定系数为0.83,其中,白天闭合率较高,晚上较低。降水对潜热通量和显热通量都有明显影响,潜热通量对降水的反应更敏感,生育后期潜热通量在降雨后与降雨前的增幅比生育前期低。在夏玉米全生育期内,太阳辐射是水热通量最主要的气象因子,其次为饱和水汽压差。温度和饱和水汽压差对潜热通量的贡献度明显高于显热通量,风速、相对湿度和太阳辐射对潜热通量的解释率低于显热通量,叶面积指数和植被覆盖度与潜热通量呈显著正相关、与显热通量呈显著负相关。本研究的定量化结果可以深化对黄河故道区夏玉米农田水热传输规律的认识,为作物高效用水提供理论依据。.