背景:运输中的噪声污染是欧洲环境疾病负担的主要贡献者之一。我们提供了一个国家内这些健康影响的空间变化的新评估,以英国为例。
方法:我们估计了烦恼的负担(非常烦恼),睡眠障碍(高度睡眠干扰),缺血性心脏病(IHD),中风,和糖尿病可归因于2018年英格兰成年人口的长期交通噪声暴露,直至地方当局水平(平均成年人口:136,000)。要得出估计值,我们结合了文献信息的暴露-反应关系,有了关于噪声暴露的人口数据,疾病,和死亡率。来自道路的长期平均噪声暴露,铁路和飞机来自战略噪音测绘,Lden和Lnight的较低暴露阈值为50dB(分贝)。
结果:40%,英格兰4.5%和4.8%的成年人暴露在道路上,rail,飞机噪音超过50dBLden。我们估计由于道路交通而损失了近十万(〜97,000)残疾调整寿命年(DALY),~13,000来自铁路,和17000来自飞机噪音。这排除了一些噪声-结果对,因为可用的研究太少,无法提供可靠的暴露-响应估计。烦恼和睡眠障碍占DALY的大多数,接下来是中风,IHD,和糖尿病。伦敦,东南部,西北地区失去的道路交通DALY数量最多,而63%的飞机噪音DALY是在伦敦发现的。战略噪音地图并不包括所有道路,可能仍然有大量的交通流量。在使用伦敦所有道路的建模噪声进行的敏感性分析中,DALYs高出1.1倍至2.2倍。
结论:在英格兰,交通噪声暴露导致了显著且不平等的环境疾病负担。从噪声暴露模型中省略次要道路会导致对疾病负担的低估。
Noise pollution from transportation is one of the leading contributors to the environmental disease burden in Europe. We provide a novel assessment of spatial variations of these health impacts within a country, using England as an example.
We estimated the burden of annoyance (highly annoyed), sleep disturbance (highly sleep disturbed), ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, and diabetes attributable to long-term transportation noise exposures in England for the adult population in 2018 down to local authority level (average adult population: 136,000). To derive estimates, we combined literature-informed exposure-response relationships, with population data on noise exposures, disease, and mortalities. Long-term average noise exposures from road, rail and aircraft were sourced from strategic noise mapping, with a lower exposure threshold of 50 dB (decibels) Lden and Lnight.
40 %, 4.5 % and 4.8 % of adults in England were exposed to road, rail, and aircraft noise exceeding 50 dB Lden. We estimated close to a hundred thousand (∼97,000) disability adjusted life years (DALY) lost due to road-traffic, ∼13,000 from railway, and ∼ 17,000 from aircraft noise. This excludes some noise-outcome pairs as there were too few studies available to provide robust exposure-response estimates. Annoyance and sleep disturbance accounted for the majority of the DALYs, followed by strokes, IHD, and diabetes. London, the South East, and North West regions had the greatest number of road-traffic DALYs lost, while 63 % of all aircraft noise DALYs were found in London. The strategic noise mapping did not include all roads, which may still have significant traffic flows. In sensitivity analyses using modelled noise from all roads in London, the DALYs were 1.1x to 2.2x higher.
Transportation noise exposures contribute to a significant and unequal environmental disease burden in England. Omitting minor roads from the noise exposure modelling leads to underestimation of the disease burden.