在过去的几十年里,聚合物纳米载体已被认为是有前途的工具,并因其有效递送生物活性化合物的潜力而受到研究人员的关注,包括毒品,蛋白质,基因,核酸,等。,在制药和生物医学应用中。值得注意的是,这些聚合物纳米载体可以根据触发释放的机制进一步修饰为刺激响应系统,即,对特定刺激的反应,内源性(pH,酶,温度,氧化还原值,缺氧,葡萄糖水平)或外源性(光,磁性,超声,电脉冲),用于在特定部位有效的生物分布和药物或基因的受控释放。各种纳米粒子(NP)已被功能化,并以金属NP的形式用作成像系统的模板,树枝状聚合物,聚合物NP,量子点,和脂质体。用于成像和递送活性化合物的聚合物纳米载体的使用在各种癌症治疗领域中引起了相当大的兴趣。所谓的智能纳米聚合物系统是为了响应某些刺激,如温度,pH值,光强度和波长,电气,磁场和超声波场。已经探索了许多成像技术,包括光学成像,磁共振成像(MRI),核成像,超声,光声成像(PAI),单光子发射计算机断层扫描(SPECT),和正电子发射断层扫描(PET)。本文通过分析可以使用一种或多种成像技术成像的智能纳米聚合物的示例,报告了成像方法的最新进展。独特的功能,包括无毒性,水溶性,生物相容性,以及多个官能团的存在,将聚合物纳米像素指定为有吸引力的纳米医学候选物。在这种情况下,我们总结了各种类型的多功能,聚合物,纳米尺寸的制剂,如脂质体,胶束,纳米凝胶,和树枝状聚合物。
In the past few decades, polymeric nanocarriers have been recognized as promising tools and have gained attention from researchers for their potential to efficiently deliver bioactive compounds, including drugs, proteins, genes, nucleic acids, etc., in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Remarkably, these polymeric nanocarriers could be further modified as stimuli-responsive systems based on the mechanism of triggered release, i.e., response to a specific stimulus, either endogenous (pH, enzymes, temperature, redox values, hypoxia, glucose levels) or exogenous (light, magnetism, ultrasound, electrical pulses) for the effective biodistribution and controlled release of drugs or genes at specific sites. Various nanoparticles (NPs) have been functionalized and used as templates for imaging systems in the form of metallic NPs, dendrimers, polymeric NPs, quantum dots, and liposomes. The use of polymeric nanocarriers for imaging and to deliver active compounds has attracted considerable interest in various cancer therapy fields. So-called smart nanopolymer systems are built to respond to certain stimuli such as temperature, pH, light intensity and wavelength, and electrical, magnetic and ultrasonic fields. Many imaging techniques have been explored including optical imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear imaging, ultrasound, photoacoustic imaging (PAI), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET). This review reports on the most recent developments in imaging methods by analyzing examples of smart nanopolymers that can be imaged using one or more imaging techniques. Unique features, including nontoxicity, water solubility, biocompatibility, and the presence of multiple functional groups, designate polymeric nanocues as attractive nanomedicine candidates. In this context, we summarize various classes of multifunctional, polymeric, nano-sized formulations such as liposomes, micelles, nanogels, and dendrimers.