Herein, we report an unusual presentation of a 38-year-old heathy lady with a painless slowly growing lesion in the volar aspect of her left distal forearm reaching the thenar area for >15 years. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lesion showed multilobulated soft tissue mass with low and high signal in T1- and T2-weighted images with homogenous contrast enhancement. Additionally, a stable serpiginous bony lesion was noted in the first metacarpal bone showing low T1 and high T2 signals with peripheral enhancement. Histopathological examination was consistent with cylindroma and enchondroma, respectively. The patient had full recovery with no recurrence at a 1-year follow-up visit. While enchondroma is the most common benign tumor of the hand, sporadic dermal cylindroma, in contrast, rarely affects the upper extremity. The coexistence of these two pathological entities was not previously reported and it may complicate the diagnosis.

UNASSIGNED: Enchondroma is a cartilaginous benign tumor of bone with the most common involvement of tubular bones of hands and feet. The triquetrum and pisiform are carpal bones and the enchondroma of the triquetrum and pisiform has not been reported in the literature to the best of our knowledge.
UNASSIGNED: A 26-year-old male presented with swelling over his right wrist with painful terminal motion. Based on magnetic resonance imaging findings, diagnosis of enchondroma of triquetrum and pisiform was made. Bone excision and curettage were performed, and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis. After 2 years of follow-up, the patient has gained pain-free wrist movements post excision, and there are no signs of recurrence. The Modified Mayo Wrist Score of 75 (fair) improved to 100 (excellent).
UNASSIGNED: The surgeon should always keep in mind the possibility of a tumor at the rare site and accurately diagnose the tumor with the help of imaging modalities and biopsy.

Benign cartilaginous lesions called enchondromas usually appear in the long bones of the limbs. This case report, however, draws attention to an uncommon and unusual appearance of enchondroma near the medial end of clavicle. Because of the unusual location, the diagnostic process was very complex, which presented a challengefor the physicians. We provide the clinical, radiological and histological results that finally allowed for an accurate diagnosis. This example highlights the need of taking into account atypical location for benign lesions and highlights the necessity of a thorough diagnostic approach in unexpected clinical settings. Since the occurrence of clavicular enchondromas is a rare entity and can at times mislead the clinician, healthcare providers must be vigilant enough to guarantee a prompt and accurate diagnosis for timely intervention.

Teaching Point: Costal chondroid tumors can mimic abdominal masses and, when located in the right hypochondrium, may suggest hepatic origin. Computed tomography is essential to determine their origin and nature and to guide appropriate treatment.

Cartilaginous tumours are a large and heterogeneous group of neoplasms characterised by the presence of a chondroid matrix, with lobular growth and arcuate, ring-like or popcorn-like calcification patterns. MRI shows hyperintensity in T2-weighted sequences and a lobulated or septal relief in postcontrast images. In the WHO 2020 classification, chondral tumours are classified as benign, intermediate or malignant. Despite technological advances, they continue to pose a challenge for both the radiologist and the pathologist, being the main difficulty the differentiation between benign and malignant tumours, which is why they require a multidisciplinary approach. This paper describes the main changes introduced in the 2020 update, describes the imaging characteristics of the main cartilaginous tumours and provides the radiological keys to differentiate between benign and malignant tumours.

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UNASSIGNED: Pathologic phalangeal fracture is a common initial presentation of solitary enchondroma of the finger. Enchondromas of the middle phalanx are most frequently associated with post-operative range of motion deficits. This report describes a case in which the use of Kirschner wires (K-wires) and allograft bone were used to salvage finger motion following surgical fixation of pathologic fracture of a middle phalanx enchondroma with extensor tendon injury.
UNASSIGNED: A 37-year-old right hand dominant woman presents with pathologic fracture of the left index finger middle phalanx. The patient elected for surgical intervention to stabilize fracture and enable early motion at the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP). Surgical fixation involved tumor curettage, fracture stabilization and length preservation with longitudinal K-wires, allograft bone with hardening properties to fill the bony defect, and dorsal K-wires for securing the extensor tendon. At follow-up 11 months postoperatively, the allograft had almost completely resolved, and the patient had regained PIP flexion of 90° and full extension.
UNASSIGNED: Pathologic fracture of middle phalanx enchondroma is prone to complication by extensor tendon injury and associated post-operative loss of motion. Bone grafting and Kirschner wire fixation allowed for early mobilization of finger motion and thus may be a useful technique for use in treatment of other pathologic fractures.

Enchondromas are common benign bone tumors, usually presenting in the hand. They can cause symptoms such as swelling and pain but often go un-noticed. If the tumor expands, it can diminish the bone cortices and predispose the bone to fracture. Diagnosis is based on clinical investigation and radiographic imaging. Despite their typical appearance on radiographs, they can primarily be misdiagnosed or go totally unrecognized in the acute trauma setting. Earlier applications of deep learning models to image classification and pattern recognition suggest that this technique may also be utilized in detecting enchondroma in hand radiographs. We trained a deep learning model with 414 enchondroma radiographs to detect enchondroma from hand radiographs. A separate test set of 131 radiographs (47% with an enchondroma) was used to assess the performance of the trained deep learning model. Enchondroma annotation by three clinical experts served as our ground truth in assessing the deep learning model\'s performance. Our deep learning model detected 56 enchondromas from the 62 enchondroma radiographs. The area under receiver operator curve was 0.95. The F1 score for area statistical overlapping was 69.5%. Our deep learning model may be a useful tool for radiograph screening and raising suspicion of enchondroma.

•Multiple case reports are published on patients with Ollier\'s disease presenting simultaneously with granulosa cell tumors.•More medical conditions are being treated with androgens and estrogens, including gender dysphoria.•Caution should be given to transgender patients on active hormonal therapy.•Providers should consider prescreening for hormonally responsive medical conditions.

Maffucci\'s syndrome is a rare congenital nonhereditary syndrome with less than 300 cases having been reported in the United States. It is characterized by multiple enchondromas, hemangiomas, and rarely lymphangiomas. Enchondromas may undergo malignant transformation to chondrosarcomas. Surveillance plays a vital role in detecting early malignant transformation. Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT, although falling out of favor, may be utilized as an imaging modality by physicians to determine such transformation, allowing for timely management and intervention. In this report, we share our experience with such a case.