UNASSIGNED: This study was aimed at comparing deaths, years of potential life loss (YPLL), and economic loss due to nine non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among Health Council of Gulf Cooperation (GCC) countries.
UNASSIGNED: The number of deaths and life expectancy by age and sex in each country, obtained from the 2019 World Health Organization database, were used to calculate YPLL by disease and sex. Economic loss was estimated by combining the annual income adjusted for the present value multiplied by the YPLL for each disease by sex and country.
UNASSIGNED: The nine NCDs were responsible for 152,854 deaths, 3 million YPLL, and 23.9 billion US$ economic loss in GCC countries. The most common cause of death was ischemic heart disease, which caused 82,232 deaths (54% of the total), 1.6 million YPLL (54% of the total), and a 12.8 billion US$ economic loss (53% of the total). The least common cause of death was lung cancer, which caused 1,960 deaths, 37,287 YPLL, and a 317.6 million US$ economic loss. KSA was the most affected country among all GCC countries in terms of deaths (68,027), YPLL (1.4 million), and economic loss (14.3 billion US$). Notably, KSA had 45%, 49%, and 60% of the entire region\'s deaths, YPLL, and economic loss, respectively. In contrast, Qatar was the least affected country in terms of deaths and YPLL, and Yemen was the least affected country in terms of economic loss.
UNASSIGNED: The burden of NCDs in GCC countries in terms of deaths, YPLL, and economic loss is substantial. Policymakers should pay greater attention to detecting, preventing, and controlling these NCDs and their risk factors.
UNASSIGNED: تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى مقارنة الوفيات وسنوات فقدان الحياة المحتملة والخسائر الاقتصادية الناجمة عن تسعة أمراض غير معدية بين مجالس الصحة لدول مجلس التعاون الخليجي.
UNASSIGNED: تم الحصول على عدد الوفيات ومتوسطالعمر المتوقع حسب العمر والجنس في كل بلد من قاعدة بيانات منظمة الصحة العالمية لعام 2019 لحساب سنوات فقدان الحياة المحتملة حسب المرض والجنس. تم تقدير الخسارة الاقتصادية من خلال الجمع بين الدخل السنوي المعدل للقيمة الحالية مضروبا في مستويات سنوات فقدان الحياة المحتملة لكل مرض حسب الجنس والبلد.
UNASSIGNED: كشفت النتائج أن الأمراض غير المعدية التسعة كانت مسؤولة عن 152,854 حالة وفاة، و3 ملايين حالة سنة من الحياة المحتملة المفقودة و23.9 مليار دولار أمريكي كخسارة اقتصادية في دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي. كان السبب الأكثر شيوعا للوفاة هو مرض نقص تروية القلب الذي تسبب في 82,232 حالة وفاة (54% من الإجمالي)، و1.6 مليون حالة وفاة (54% من الإجمالي)، و12.8 مليار دولار أمريكي من الخسائر الاقتصادية (53% من الإجمالي). من ناحية أخرى، كان سرطان الرئة هو السبب الأقل شيوعا للوفاة، حيث تسبب في وفاة 1960 شخصا، و37287 شخصا من سنوات فقدان الحياة المحتملة، و317.6 مليون دولار أمريكي كخسارة اقتصادية. وكانت المملكة العربية السعودية الدولة الأكثر تضررا بين جميع دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي من حيث الوفيات (68,027)، وسنوات فقدان الحياة المحتملة (1,4 مليون)، والخسائر الاقتصادية (14.3 مليار دولار أمريكي). وتجدر الإشارة إلى أن المملكة العربية السعودية تمثل 45%، و49%، و60% من الوفيات، والخسائر الاقتصادية، على التوالي للمنطقة بأكملها. وفي المقابل، تعتبر قطر الدولة الأقل تضررا من حيث الوفيات والإصابات، في حين أن اليمن هي الدولة الأقل تضررا من حيث الخسارة الاقتصادية.
UNASSIGNED: أظهرت نتائج هذه الدراسة أن عبء الأمراض غير المعدية في دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي كان كبيرا من حيث الوفيات، وحالات الوفاة المبكرة، والخسائر الاقتصادية. ويتعين على صناع السياسات أن يولوا المزيد من الاهتمام لاكتشاف هذه الأمراض غير المعدية والوقاية منها والسيطرة عليها وعوامل الخطر المرتبطة بها.

UNASSIGNED: Vehicle emissions have become an important source of urban air pollution, and the assessment of air pollution emission characteristics and health effects caused by specific pollution sources can provide scientific basis for air quality management.
UNASSIGNED: In this paper, vehicle PM2.5 pollution in typical urban agglomerations of China (the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration (BTHUA), the triangle of the Central China urban agglomeration (TCCUA) and the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration (CCUA)) were used as research samples to evaluate the emission characteristics, health effects and economic losses of vehicle PM2.5 pollution based on the emission inventory, air quality model and exposure-response function from 2010 to 2020.
UNASSIGNED: The results indicated that PM2.5 emissions from vehicles in the three urban agglomerations during 2010-2020 first showed an upward yearly trend and then showed a slow decrease in recent years. Heavy-duty trucks and buses are the main contribution vehicles of PM2.5, and the contribution rates of light-duty vehicles to PM2.5 is increasing year by year. The contribution rate of PM2.5 in Beijing decreased significantly. In addition to capital cities and municipalities directly under the central Government, the emission of pollutants in other cities cannot be ignored. The evaluation results of the impact of PM2.5 pollution from vehicles on population health show that: the number of each health endpoint caused by PM2.5 pollution from vehicles in the BTHUA and CCUA showed an overall upward trend, while the TCCUA showed a downward trend in recent years. Among them, PM2.5 pollution from vehicles in the three major urban agglomerations cause about 78,200 (95% CI: 20,500-138,800) premature deaths, 122,800 (95% CI: 25,600-220,500) inpatients, and 628,400 (95% CI: 307,400-930,400) outpatients and 1,332,400 (95% CI: 482,700-2,075,600) illness in 2020. The total health economic losses caused by PM2.5 pollution from vehicles in the three major urban agglomerations in 2010, 2015 and 2020 were 68.25 billion yuan (95% CI: 21.65-109.16), 206.33 billion yuan (95% CI: 66.20-326.20) and 300.73 billion yuan (95% CI: 96.79-473.16), accounting for 0.67% (95% CI: 0.21-1.07%), 1.19% (95% CI: 0.38%-1.88%) and 1.21% (95% CI: 0.39%-1.90%) of the total GDP of these cities.
UNASSIGNED: Due to the differences in vehicle population, PM2.5 concentration, population number and economic value of health terminal units, there are differences in health effects and economic losses among different cities in different regions. Among them, the problems of health risks and economic losses were relatively prominent in Beijing, Chengdu, Chongqing, Tianjin and Wuhan.

Objective: To investigate the current status of disease burden and its influencing factors among welder\'s pneumoconiosis patients, and provide scientific basis for taking targeted intervention measures. Methods: From June 2022 to June 2023, the patients with welder\'s pneumoconiosis in Jiangsu Province were selected from 1956 to 2020 as the research objects, and disability adjusted life years (DALY) were used as the comprehensive index to study the disease burden. The direct and indirect economic losses caused by the diseases were calculated, and the factors affecting the disease burden were discussed by multiple linear regression method. Results: A total of 974 cases of welder\'s pneumoconiosis were reported in Jiangsu Province, the cumulative loss of DALY was 6300.73 person-years, and the per capita loss was 6.47 person-years. Among them, the healthy life years lost due to disability (YLD) was 6156.50 person-years (97.71%) , and the healthy life years lost due to premature death (YLL) was 144.23 person-years (2.29%) . Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the main factors affecting DALY were disability grade, diagnostic age, pneumoconiosis grade and length of dust exposure (P<0.05) . The total economic loss caused by 974 welder\'s pneumoconiosis patients was 1831838160.18 yuan, and the per capita loss was 1880737.33 yuan. Among them, the direct economic loss was 970917563.75 yuan (53.00%) , and the indirect economic loss was 860920596.43 yuan (47.00%) . Conclusion: Welder\'s pneumoconiosis causes serious disease burden to patients, and at the same time causes huge economic losses to individuals and society, which seriously hinders the development of society. Taking effective control measures to prevent the incidence of welder\'s pneumoconiosis is the key to reduce the disease burden.
目的： 探讨电焊工尘肺患者疾病负担现状及其影响因素，为采取有针对性的干预措施提供科学依据。 方法： 于2022年6月至2023年6月，选取1956至2020年江苏省电焊工尘肺患者为研究对象（974例），采用伤残调整寿命年（DALY）等作为研究疾病负担的综合指标，计算患者因疾病所产生的直接和间接经济损失，利用多元线性回归法探讨影响疾病负担的因素。 结果： 江苏省报告的974例电焊工尘肺患者，累计损失的DALY为6 300.73人年，人均损失6.47人年，其中因伤残所损失的健康寿命年为6 156.50人年（97.71%），因早死所损失的健康寿命年为144.23人年（2.29%）。多元线性回归分析显示，影响DALY的主要因素为伤残等级、诊断年龄、尘肺期别和接尘工龄（P<0.05）。974例电焊工尘肺患者所造成的总经济损失为1 831 838 160.18元，人均损失为1 880 737.33元；其中直接经济损失为970 917 563.75元（53.00%），间接经济损失为860 920 596.43元（47.00%）。 结论： 电焊工尘肺给患者造成严重的疾病负担，同时给个人和社会造成了巨大的经济损失，严重阻碍了社会的发展，采取有效控制措施预防电焊工尘肺发病是减少其疾病负担的关键。.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted China\'s economic and social development. Understanding the direct and indirect effects of the epidemic on the economy is vital for formulating scientifically grounded epidemic management policies. This study assesses the economic losses and influence paths of a large-scale epidemic in China. We proposed three COVID-19 scenarios - serious, normal, and mild - to evaluate the direct economic impact on China\'s GDP from a demand perspective. An input-output model was used to estimate the indirect impact. Our findings show that China\'s GDP could lose 94,206, 75,365, and 56,524 hundred million yuan under serious, normal, and mild scenarios, respectively, with corresponding GDP decline rates of 9.27%, 7.42%, and 5.56%. Under the normal scenario, indirect economic loss and total loss are projected at 75,364 and 489,386 hundred million yuan, respectively. Additionally, the pandemic led to a reduction in carbon emissions: direct emissions decreased by 1,218.69 million tons, indirect emissions by 9,594.32 million tons, and total emissions by 10,813.01 million tons across various industries. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the economic and environmental impacts of the pandemic.

Household air pollution prevails in rural residences across China, yet a comprehensive nationwide comprehending of pollution levels and the attributable disease burdens remains lacking. This study conducted a systematic review focusing on elucidating the indoor concentrations of prevalent household air pollutants-specifically, PM2.5, PAHs, CO, SO2, and formaldehyde-in rural Chinese households. Subsequently, the premature deaths and economic losses attributable to household air pollution among the rural population of China were quantified through dose-response relationships and the value of statistical life. The findings reveal that rural indoor air pollution levels frequently exceed China\'s national standards, exhibiting notable spatial disparities. The estimated annual premature mortality attributable to household air pollution in rural China amounts to 966 thousand (95% CI: 714-1226) deaths between 2000 and 2022, representing approximately 22.2% (95% CI: 16.4%-28.1%) of total mortality among rural Chinese residents. Furthermore, the economic toll associated with these premature deaths is estimated at 486 billion CNY (95% CI: 358-616) per annum, constituting 0.92% (95% CI: 0.68%-1.16%) of China\'s GDP. The findings quantitatively demonstrate the substantial disease burden attributable to household air pollution in rural China, which highlights the pressing imperative for targeted, region-specific interventions to ameliorate this pressing public health concern.

To evaluate the economic loss of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) among tumor patients so as to help policymakers to allocate health care resources and address the issue.
We conducted a retrospective, 1:1 matched case-control study in a large region cancer hospital between January 1 and December 31, 2022. The economic burden was estimated as the median of the 1:1 pair differences of various hospitalization fees and hospital length of stay (LOS).
In this study of 329 matched pairs, the patients with HAIs incurred higher hospitalization cost (ie, $16,927) and experienced longer hospital LOS (ie, 22 days), compared to the non-HAI groups. The extra hospitalization cost and the prolonged hospital LOS caused by HAIs were $4,919 and 9 days, respectively. Accordingly, the direct nonmedical economic loss attributable to HAI was approximately $478 to 835 per case. Furthermore, the increment of hospitalization costs varied by sites of infection, types of tumors, and stratum of age.
HAIs lead to the increment of direct economic burden and hospital LOS in tumor patients. Our findings highlight the importance of implementing effective infection control measures in hospitals to reduce the financial burden on tumor patients.

Frequent air pollution events in Northwest China pose a serious threat to human health. However, there is a lack of specific differences assessment in PM2.5-related disease burden. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the PM2.5-related premature deaths and health economic losses in this typical northwest region, taking into account disease-specific, age-specific, and region-specific factors.
We utilized the WRF-Chem model to simulate and analyze the characteristics and exposure levels of PM2.5 pollution in Gansu Province, a typical region of Northwest China. Subsequently, we estimated the premature mortality and health economic losses associated with PM2.5 by combining the Global Exposure Mortality Model (GEMM) and the Value of a Statistical Life (VSL).
The results suggested that the PM2.5 concentrations in Gansu Province in 2019 varied spatially, with a decrease from north to south. The number of non-accidental deaths attributable to PM2.5 pollution was estimated to be 14,224 (95% CI: 11,716-16,689), accounting for 8.6% of the total number of deaths. The PM2.5-related health economic loss amounted to 28.66 (95% CI: 23.61-33.63) billion yuan, equivalent to 3.3% of the regional gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019. Ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke were the leading causes of PM2.5-attributed deaths, contributing to 50.6% of the total. Older adult individuals aged 60 and above accounted for over 80% of all age-related disease deaths. Lanzhou had a higher number of attributable deaths and health economic losses compared to other regions. Although the number of PM2.5-attributed deaths was lower in the Hexi Corridor region, the per capita health economic loss was higher.
Gansu Province exhibits distinct regional characteristics in terms of PM2.5 pollution as well as disease- and age-specific health burdens. This highlights the significance of implementing tailored measures that are specific to local conditions to mitigate the health risks and economic ramifications associated with PM2.5 pollution.

OBJECTIVE: To establish a threshold value of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) proviral load (PVL) to identify increased risk of severe clinical mastitis, and to examine the prognosis and economic loss of clinical mastitis based on the newly established PVL cut-off value.
METHODS: 97 lactating Holstein cows with clinical mastitis.
METHODS: Blood and milk samples were collected aseptically from each cow. Youden index was used for receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis with the severity rate of clinical mastitis as the dependent variable and PVL as an independent variable. PVL cut-off value was used as a criterion to compare the severity rate of clinical mastitis, percentage of cows with and without systemic treatments, number of treatments, cost of treatment, and prognosis.
RESULTS: PVL cut-off value was 17.8 copies/10 ng DNA for the dependent variable MILD vs SEVERE. The severity rate of clinical mastitis, percentage of cows given systemic treatments, and technical fees for medical treatment were significantly higher in the group above the PVL cut-off value than in the group below the PVL cut-off value and the negative group. Number of treatments was significantly higher in the group above the cut-off value than in the group below the cut-off value. There was no significant difference in prognosis after mastitis among the 3 groups.
CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that PVL cut-off value of 17.8 copies/10 ng DNA was a useful threshold for increased economic losses in BLV-infected cows; it may also serve as a new standard value for the detection and culling of BLV-infected cows in Japan.

Climate change is considered to increase economic costs by worsening heat-related labor productivity loss. While extensive global and national research has been conducted on this topic, few studies have analyzed subnational and individual economic impacts, potentially weakening local governments\' motivation to tackle climate change. Figuring out the most affected regions and labors could help climate policymakers to identify priority regions and sectors to allocate adaptation resources efficiently, and enhance stakeholder engagement. This study adopted a provincial Computable General Equilibrium model by distinguishing different labors and regions in modelling work to address the aforementioned gap. The study estimated economic costs at different level under three climate change scenarios (lower (SSP126), middle (SSP245), and higher (SSP585) warming scenario). Low-income regions located in southwest part of China (such as Guangxi and Guizhou), would experience the largest economic loss, 3.4-7.1 times higher than high-income in China by 2100 under SSP245 scenario. Additionally, wages for labors highly sensitive to heat in these regions are expected to rise, for example, by an 8.3% rise in Guangxi, driven by the rising demand for these labors. Conversely, others would experience a significant wage decrease, especially those with less sensitivity (e.g., managers). Therefore, we recommended that national financial supports be allocated more to these most affected regions and that government encourage managers provide assistance to workers vulnerable to heat.

The objective of this study was to analyze death and culling (DC) of calves during the first month of life and associated economic losses on dairy farms in eastern Hokkaido, Japan. The DC in the first month of life of 4411 Holstein and Wagyu crossbred calves born in the year 2019-2020 on 39 dairy farms milking Holsteins was investigated. Based on a target DC rate of 6.75%, farms were classified into two groups, those with high DC rates (HDC, 11.68%, n = 18) and those with low DC rates (LDC, 2.67%, n = 21), and analyzed for DC factors (breed, sex, parity of dams, and housing type of dams) and diseases causing DC, their loss estimates, and replenishment of DC calves (birth rate, purchase of heifers, and housing type of dams). Comparisons between groups were made using the Kaplan-Meier method, the Mann-Whitney U test, and chi-square test. The DC rate of Holsteins was significantly higher (P < 0.001) for HDC farms than for LDC ones. But, the DC rate of Wagyu crossbreds was not different between the groups, which suggested hybrid vigor. The DC rates for digestive diseases were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the HDC farms, except for congenital diseases and deaths of unknown cause. The overall loss estimates of DC per calf-month for all farms was 8892, JPY/calf-months, 14,726 for HDC farms, and 4065 for LDC farms. The loss estimates of items with significant differences in DC rates were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the HDC farms, with higher loss estimates for Holsteins and digestive diseases being the most common characteristics of HDC farms. In binomial logistic regression analysis with \"HDC farms or not\" as the response variable and replenishment of DC calves as the explanatory variable, HDC was significantly more likely (OR: 1.10, P < 0.05) on farms with a higher birth proportion of Holsteins, and HDC farms supplemented the DC calves by increasing the birth proportion of Holsteins.