河流沉积物是重金属的重要储集层,代表分水岭内的历史和当代人为活动。进行了这项审查,以检查来自亚洲和欧洲国家的52个河流系统的表层沉积物中重金属的分布,以及确定其来源和环境风险。结果表明,世界河流系统中重金属污染的显着变化,某些热点的浓度超过环境质量标准设定的允许限值。在被研究的国家中,印度的铬(Cr)含量最高,钴(Co),锰(Mn),镍(Ni),锌(Zn),镉(Cd),铜(Cu),以及其河流系统中的铅(Pb)污染,其次是伊朗>土耳其>西班牙>越南>巴基斯坦>马来西亚>台湾>中国>尼日利亚>孟加拉国>日本。使用污染评价指标对世界河流系统中的重金属污染进行了量化。污染因子(CF)显示整个地质单元的中度污染(1≤CF<3),除了Pb,Cd,和Cu。污染程度(CD)将污染水平分为不同的类别:低污染程度(CD<6),中度污染(6≤CD<12),相当程度的污染(12≤CD<24),和非常高的污染程度(CD≥24),而污染负荷指数(PLI)估计河流沉积物中重金属污染的总量,土耳其的PLI值最高,为6.512,其次是西班牙,越南,台湾,巴基斯坦,孟加拉国,中国,印度,Japan,马来西亚,伊朗,和尼日利亚。在应用多元统计中,相关分析确定了重金属在河流系统中的命运和分布,虽然主成分分析(PCA)阐明了潜在的来源,包括工业,农用化学品,采矿,和生活污水排放,润滑剂泄漏,多个地质输入,镁铁质和超镁铁质岩石的侵蚀,和最小的大气沉积。根据潜在生态风险指数(PERI)的观点,越南,西班牙,土耳其的生态风险最高,其次是尼日利亚>巴基斯坦>孟加拉国>中国>台湾>日本和钢铁,而∑非致癌Pb的潜在风险,Cr,Ni,Cu,Cd,Co,Zn,通过摄入和皮肤接触暴露的人类儿童和成人的锰在可接受到高风险之间受到显著影响,需要污染控制机构的特别关注。
Riverine sediments are important reservoirs of heavy metals, representing both historical and contemporary anthropogenic activity within the watershed. This review has been conducted to examine the distribution of heavy metals in the surface sediment of 52 riverine systems from various Asian and European countries, as well as to determine their sources and environmental risks. The results revealed significant variability in heavy metal contamination in the world\'s riverine systems, with certain hotspots exhibiting concentrations that exceeded the permissible limits set by environmental quality standards. Among the studied countries, India has the highest levels of chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb) contamination in its riverine systems, followed by Iran > Turkey > Spain > Vietnam > Pakistan > Malaysia > Taiwan > China > Nigeria > Bangladesh > Japan. Heavy metal pollution in the world\'s riverine systems was quantified using pollution evaluation indices. The Contamination Factor (CF) revealed moderate contamination (1 ≤ CF < 3) throughout the geological units, with the exception of Pb, Cd, and Cu. The Contamination Degree (CD) classifies the contamination level into different categories: Low degree of contamination (CD < 6), moderate degree of contamination (6 ≤ CD < 12), considerable degree of contamination (12 ≤ CD < 24), and a very high degree of contamination (CD ≥ 24), while the Pollution Load Index (PLI) estimate the total amount of heavy metal pollution in riverine sediments, with Turkey having the highest PLI value of 6.512, followed by Spain, Vietnam, Taiwan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Iran, and Nigeria. In applied multivariate statistics, correlation analysis determined the fate and distribution of heavy metals in riverine systems, while Principal Component Analysis (PCA) elucidated the potential sources, including industrial, agrochemical, mining, and domestic wastewater discharges, lubricant leakages, multiple geogenic inputs, erosion of mafic and ultramafic rocks, and minimal atmospheric deposition. As per Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) perspectives, Vietnam, Spain, and Turkey have the highest ecological risk, followed by Nigeria > Pakistan > Bangladesh > China > Taiwan > Japan and Iron, while the potential risks of ∑non-carcinogenic Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, Co, Zn, and Mn for exposed human children and adults through ingestion and dermal contact were significantly influenced between acceptable to high risk, necessitating special attention from pollution control agencies.