BACKGROUND: The relationships between alcohol marketing exposure, alcohol use, and purchase have been widely studied. However, prospective studies examining the causal relationships in real-world settings using mobile health tools are limited.
OBJECTIVE: We used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to examine both the within-person- and between-person-level effects of alcohol marketing exposure on any alcohol use, amount of alcohol use, any alcohol purchase, and frequency of alcohol purchase among university students.
METHODS: From January to June 2020, we conducted a prospective cohort study via EMA among university students in Hong Kong who reported current drinking. Over 14 consecutive days, each participant completed 5 fixed-interval, signal-contingent EMAs daily via a smartphone app. Each EMA asked about the number and types of alcohol marketing exposures, the amount and types of alcohol used, and whether any alcohol was purchased, all within the past 3 hours. We used 2-part models, including multilevel logistic regressions and multilevel gamma regressions, to examine if the number of alcohol marketing exposure was associated with subsequent alcohol use and alcohol purchase.
RESULTS: A total of 49 students participated, with 33% (16/49) being male. The mean age was 22.6 (SD 2.6) years. They completed 2360 EMAs (completion rate: 2360/3430, 68.8%). Participants reported exposure to alcohol marketing in 5.9% (140/2360), alcohol use in 6.1% (145/2360), and alcohol purchase in 2.4% (56/2360) of all the EMAs. At the between-person level, exposure to more alcohol marketing predicted a higher likelihood of alcohol use (adjusted odd ratio [AOR]=3.51, 95% CI 1.29-9.54) and a higher likelihood of alcohol purchase (AOR=4.59, 95% CI 1.46-14.49) the following day. Exposure to more alcohol marketing did not increase the amount of alcohol use or frequency of alcohol purchases the following day in participants who used or purchased alcohol. At the within-person level, exposure to more alcohol marketing was not associated with a higher likelihood of alcohol use, amount of alcohol use, higher likelihood of alcohol purchase, or frequency of alcohol purchases the following day (all Ps>.05). Each additional exposure to alcohol marketing within 1 week predicted an increase of 0.85 alcoholic drinks consumed in the following week (adjusted B=0.85, 95% CI 0.09-1.61). On days of reporting alcohol use, the 3 measures for alcohol marketing receptivity were not associated with more alcohol use or purchase (all Ps>.05).
CONCLUSIONS: By using EMA, we provided the first evidence for the effect of alcohol marketing exposure on initiating alcohol use and purchase in current-drinking university students. Our findings provide evidence of the regulation of alcohol marketing for the reduction of alcohol use and purchase among young adults.

Frequently mentioned anecdotally, hangovers are under-investigated within the scientific study of alcohol, as is the role of physical activity (PA) on hangovers. The well-established positive association between PA and AC (AC) suggests that PA may buffer negative physiological consequences of AC, including hangovers. The present study was therefore conducted in order to determine whether PA influences hangovers. Undergraduates (N=1676) from two large universities in the United States who experienced at least one hangover in the past three months and who engaged in at least 30 min of moderate PA per week were recruited to participate. Participants completed online questionnaires about their AC, PA, and frequency and severity of hangover symptoms. Both between- and within-person associations between AC and hangover were examined, factoring in the potential moderating effects of both moderate and vigorous PA. Small effects were observed for correlations between PA and outcomes assessing AC and hangovers (rs ranged from 0.09 to 0.15). Results also revealed that individuals who consumed more alcohol per month experienced hangovers more frequently and had more severe symptoms. These associations were attenuated among individuals who spent more hours engaging in vigorous but not moderate PA. The current study is the first to show PA influences the experience of hangovers, and we posit this may be a mechanism underlying the positive relationship between PA and AC. Our findings advance the growing literature on alcohol use and PA and may contribute to the development of interventions for alcohol-related problems and alcohol use disorders.

Hydration status plays a key role in healthy ageing, and it is potentially affected by several factors, including drug consumption. However, research on this issue to date is scarce, especially in highly vulnerable groups, such as the elderly. We aimed to study the relationship linking hydration status, analysed by means of a validated questionnaire, 24 h urine analysis, body composition assessment, and drug consumption in a sample of old adults. A total of 144 elders were included in the study. Cardiovascular drug consumption was significantly associated with a lower water intake in men (β = -0.282, p = 0.029). Moreover, urinary analysis revealed that total drug intake as well as the consumption of diuretics and cardiovascular drugs were associated with poorer hydration status, whereas genito-urinary drugs were associated with an opposite effect, and these results were confirmed in terms of body composition. Hence, total drug consumption (β = -0.205), diuretic (β = -0.408), cardiovascular (β = -0.297), and genito-urinary drugs (β = 0.298) were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with total body water. The obtained results confirmed the impact of chronic treatment with certain drugs on hydration status. Nutritional interventions may be of great interest in certain population groups in order to prevent complications due to altered hydration status.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative thirst is one of the most intense, common and easily ignored subjective discomforts in patients after gynecological surgery. This study aimed to investigate whether early oral hydration on demand in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) after gynecological laparoscopy under general anesthesia can appease postoperative thirst and increase patient comfort.
METHODS: Participants were randomized into the intervention and control groups. Patients in the intervention group were allowed to achieve early oral hydration on demand in the PACU if they were evaluated as fully conscious, with stable vital signs, grade 5 muscle strength, and well-recovered cough and swallowing reflex. However, the total amount of water intake throughout the entire study should not exceed 0.5mL/kg. During the study, the frequency of water intake, the total amount of water intake and adverse events were accurately recorded. The control group was managed according to the routine procedures and began to drink water 2 h after anesthesia. The intensity of thirst and subjective comfort in patients were assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) when they entered and left the PACU.
RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were identified in age, height, weight, body mass index, pre-operative fasting time, duration of surgery, intraoperative fluid intake, intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative urine volume, and thirst intensity and subjective comfort scores between the groups before intervention (P > 0.05). After intervention, the VAS score for thirst intensity in the intervention group significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the VAS score for subjective comfort in the intervention group significantly increased (P < 0.05). No adverse events were detected in both groups during the entire study.
CONCLUSIONS: Early oral hydration on demand in the PACU can safely and effectively relieve postoperative thirst in patients, and improve patient comfort after gynecological laparoscopy.
BACKGROUND: This single-center, prospective, randomized controlled trial was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Center on April 27, 2023. The registration number of this study is ChiCTR2300070985.

BACKGROUND: The declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic led to public health restrictions that impacted the lives of people across the globe. Parents were particularly burdened with balancing multiple responsibilities, such as working from home while caring for and educating their children. Alcohol use among parents is an area that warrants further exploration.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate patterns of parental alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on relative changes in the frequency and quantity of alcohol use compared to prepandemic use, nonparent adult samples, or both.
METHODS: A scoping review informed by the methodology of Arksey and O\'Malley explored patterns of parental alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic. Searches were conducted in CINAHL, Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Search terms were created using the Joanna Briggs Institute framework of Population, Concept, and Context, with the population being parents and the concept being alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic.
RESULTS: The database search yielded 3568 articles, which were screened for eligibility. Of the 3568 articles, 40 (1.12%) met the inclusion criteria and were included in the scoping review. Findings indicated the following: (1) having children at home was a factor associated with parental patterns of alcohol use; (2) mixed findings regarding gender-related patterns of alcohol consumption; and (3) linkages between parental patterns of alcohol use and mental health symptoms of stress, depression, and anxiety.
CONCLUSIONS: This scoping review revealed heterogeneous patterns in parental alcohol use across sociocultural contexts during the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the known harms of alcohol use, it is worthwhile for clinicians to assess parental drinking patterns and initiate conversations regarding moderation in alcohol use.

The study objective was to identify correlates of tap water consumption among adolescents. French-speaking adolescents from the province of Québec (Canada) were recruited in person and online from March to July 2023 using diverse recruitment strategies. Water consumption was measured using the validated French version of a questionnaire specifically designed to measure adolescents\' beverage intake. Participants answered an online survey on their attitude towards tap and bottled water which also measured individual and environmental factors that can influence tap water consumption. A total of 218 adolescents (14-17 years; 55.5% female) completed the survey. On average, 79.2% of adolescents\' water intake came from tap and 33.5% of them consumed exclusively tap water. Thinking that bottled water is more convenient than tap water was a significant correlate of adolescents\' tap water consumption (OR = 0.70; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.95; p = 0.0219). Adolescents who believed that bottled water is more convenient than tap water were less likely to consume exclusively tap water. Public health interventions aimed at promoting adolescents\' tap water should strive to make tap water intake be perceived as convenient as bottled water, such as encouraging teenagers to always carry along a reusable water bottle, installing drinking fountains in popular public areas, and increasing the visibility of such fountains.

BACKGROUND: Young adult veterans who served after the September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001 (ie, post-9/11) are at heightened risk for experiencing behavioral health distress and disorders including hazardous drinking, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression. These veterans often face significant barriers to behavioral health treatment, and reaching them through brief mobile phone-based interventions may help reduce drinking and promote treatment engagement.
OBJECTIVE: Following a successful pilot study, this randomized controlled trial (RCT) aims to further test the efficacy of a brief (ie, single session) mobile phone-delivered personalized normative feedback intervention enhanced with content to promote treatment engagement.
METHODS: We will conduct an RCT with 800 post-9/11 young adult veterans (aged 18 to 40 years) with potentially hazardous drinking and who have not recently received treatment for any behavioral health problems. Participants will be randomly assigned to the personalized intervention or a control condition with resources for seeking care. The personalized normative feedback module in the intervention focuses on the correction of misperceived norms of peer alcohol use and uses empirically informed approaches to increase motivation to address alcohol use and co-occurring behavioral health problems. Past 30-day drinking, alcohol-related consequences, and treatment-seeking behaviors will be assessed at baseline and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months post intervention. Sex, barriers to care, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and severity of alcohol use disorder symptoms will be explored as potential moderators of outcomes.
RESULTS: We expect recruitment to be completed within 6 months, with data collection taking 12 months for each enrolled participant. Analyses will begin within 3 months of the final data collection point (ie, 12 months follow-up).
CONCLUSIONS: This RCT will evaluate the efficacy of a novel intervention for non-treatment-seeking veterans who struggle with hazardous drinking and possible co-occurring behavioral health problems. This intervention has the potential to improve veteran health outcomes and overcome significant barriers to treatment.
BACKGROUND: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04244461; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04244461.
UNASSIGNED: DERR1-10.2196/59993.

This study aimed to elucidate the effects of sucrose (SUC) consumption on neurodevelopmental processes through behavioral changes in rodents and determine whether these effects could be because of sweet taste, energy supply, or both. Mice were divided into five groups based on the time of SUC or sucralose (SUR, a noncaloric sweetener) administration: for 6 days from gestation day (GTD) 7, to birth from GTD13 and for 15 days from postnatal day (PND) 21, PND38, and PND56. SUC and SUR administration did not impact body weight. However, food intake in the PND56 group and water intake in the GTD13 and PND56 groups were increased by SUC and SUR administration. Amphetamine (0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mg/kg), a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, administration to assess alterations in the dopaminergic system induced increases in distance traveled after SUC administration in the GTD13 and PND21 groups compared with that in the control (vehicle administration) group. In contrast, the SUR group showed a decrease in the distance traveled in the PND56 group. Although there were no differences in locomotor activity and foraging behavior, SUC preference increased in the SUC group regarding the GTD13 and PND38 groups. The correlations between SUC preference and foraging behavior and between SUC preference and amphetamine response varied in both groups according to the developmental stage. Excessive SUC consumption might affect neural function at different developmental stages, as it could affect brain function through complex mechanisms involving sweet taste and energy supply and influence the dopaminergic system.

BACKGROUND: Determining the effect of dietary factors on cancer is a crucial issue when accounting for the effect of other major risks, such as smoking and drinking.
METHODS: A total of 15,563 adults from the Korean National Cancer Center Community Cohort were analyzed to determine and to compare the effect of dietary factors on stomach and colorectal cancer in overall and in the subgroup of non-smokers (or urinary cotinine concentrations <5 ng/mg) and non-drinkers with Cox proportional-hazard models.
RESULTS: During the mean follow-up (13.7 years), 469 and 299 cases of stomach and colorectal cancer were identified, respectively. The preventive effect of vegetable, fish, and soybean/tofu intake on colorectal cancer was found in women after adjustment for smoking, drinking, BMI, and sociodemographic factors. In the subgroup analysis of non-smokers and non-drinkers, the effect on colorectal cancer was increased in women (≥1 time/week vs. almost never, vegetables: hazard ratio (HR) 0.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.13-0.69; fish: HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.26-0.83), and the fresh fish intake effect on stomach cancer was newly identified in men (HR 0.36, 95% CI 0.15-0.86). These effects were more pronounced and additionally shown in other dietary factors such as soybean or tofu in women and vegetables and fish in men, when subjects with <5 ng/mg urinary cotinine concentrations applied.
CONCLUSIONS: The protective effect of healthy eating on the risk of stomach and colorectal cancer were different by smoking and drinking status. Rigorous control of smoking and drinking effects is necessary when measuring the effect of dietary factors on cancer, properly.

OBJECTIVE: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is characterized by low levels of engagement with effective treatments. Enhancing awareness of AUD treatments and how to navigate the treatment system is crucial. Many individuals use online sources (e.g. search engines) for answers to health-related questions; web-based results include a mix of high- and low-quality information. Artificial intelligence may improve access to quality health information by providing concise, high-quality responses to complex health-related questions. This study evaluated the quality of ChatGPT-4 responses to AUD-related queries.
METHODS: A comprehensive list of 64 AUD-related questions was developed through a combination of Google Trends analysis and expert consultation. ChatGPT-4 was prompted with each question, followed by a request to provide 3-5 peer-reviewed scientific citations supporting each response. Responses were evaluated for whether they were evidence-based, provided a referral and provided supporting documentation.
RESULTS: ChatGPT-4 responded to all AUD-related queries, with 92.2% (59/64) of responses being fully evidence-based. Although only 12.5% (8/64) of responses included referrals to external resources, all responses (100%; 5/5) to location-specific (\'near me\') queries directed individuals to appropriate resources like the NIAAA Treatment Navigator. Most (85.9%; 55/64) responses to the follow-up question provided supporting documentation.
CONCLUSIONS: ChatGPT-4 responds to alcohol use disorder-related questions with evidence-based information and supporting documentation. ChatGPT-4 could be promoted as a reasonable resource for those looking online for alcohol use disorder-related information.