double counting

  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    公司越来越依赖减排,这归因于他们采用可再生电力来实现净零排放目标。然而,由于与电力消耗相关的温室气体排放的会计规则有缺陷以及不同的基于市场的工具之间的重叠,因此存在重复计算减排量的风险,威胁到企业气候行动的可信度,包括碳信贷市场,可再生能源购买协议,和可再生能源证书。使用七个行业的63家主要中国公司的数据,我们定量评估了与企业采购可再生能源相关的双重计算风险及其对企业排放轨迹与《巴黎协定》1.5°C目标一致的影响。结果显示,2021年样本公司消耗的电力中有7.1%来自可再生能源采购和部署,与没有可再生电力消耗的情景相比,他们报告了8.27Mt的二氧化碳减排量。然而,预计可以重复计算的减排量将是公司在2021-2030年期间报告的减排量的0.9-1.3倍。在调整了由于重复计算而可能被低估的报告排放量之后,样本公司的整体排放轨迹不再与1.5°C目标保持一致。我们的研究结果表明,迫切需要改善企业碳会计规则并提高企业碳披露的透明度。
    Companies are increasingly relying on emission reductions attributable to their adoption of renewable electricity to achieve net-zero emission targets. However, there is a risk of double counting of emission reductions threatening the credibility of corporate climate actions due to defective accounting rules of GHG emissions related to electricity consumption and the overlap between different market-based instruments, including carbon credit markets, renewable power purchase agreements, and renewable energy certificates. Using data of 63 major Chinese companies in seven sectors, we quantitatively assess the risks of double counting related to corporate sourcing of renewables and their consequent influences on the alignment of corporate emission trajectories with the 1.5 °C goal of the Paris Agreement. Results show that 7.1% of the electricity consumed by sample companies in 2021 was from renewable energy procurement and deployment, with which they reported 8.27 Mt of CO2e emission reductions compared to the scenario with no renewable electricity consumption. However, emission reductions that could be double counted are predicted to be 0.9-1.3 times as many as emission reductions that companies will report during 2021-2030. After adjustment of the reported emissions that might be underestimated due to double counting, the overall emission trajectories of sample companies are no longer aligned with the 1.5 °C goal. Our findings suggest that it is urgently needed to improve the corporate carbon accounting rules and increase the transparency of corporate carbon disclosures.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:许多具有高风险性行为或注射行为的人使用具有不同身份的减少伤害服务,因此在客户端数据库中被计数不止一次。这种做法导致所服务的客户数量和这些服务的有效覆盖范围的统计不准确。这项研究旨在确定减少伤害服务的客户的双重计算水平,包括针头和注射器程序,避孕套分发,艾滋病毒检测和咨询,和美沙酮在伊朗五个城市的维护。
    方法:在2020年9月至3月之间,我们的研究包括1630名客户,115名减害中心工作人员,以及伊朗五个城市减少危害领域的30名专家。减少伤害服务的客户被问及在去年使用不同身份在同一中心或不同中心多次使用减少伤害服务。中心工作人员和减少伤害的专家小组验证了从客户答复中得出的重复计算的估计。
    结果:从客户端合成数据,工作人员,和专家,使用减少伤害服务的客户重复计算的最终估计是:艾滋病毒检测10%(95%置信区间[CI]0-15),针头和注射器计划17%(95%CI8.5-20),避孕套分发计划13%(95%CI3-19),艾滋病毒/性传播感染咨询10%(95%CI0-16),美沙酮维持率7%(95%CI2-10)。
    结论:对伊朗减少伤害服务的客户进行双重计算是相当大的。需要纠正客户通过减少伤害服务获得的数据,以进行重复计算,以改善计划计划,客户人口规模估计,和有效的资源分配。
    Many people with high-risk sexual or injection behaviors use harm reduction services with different identities and are therefore counted more than once in client databases. This practice results in inaccurate statistics on the number of clients served and the effective reach of these services. This study aimed to determine the levels of double counting of clients of harm reduction services, including needle and syringe programs, condom distribution, HIV testing and counseling, and methadone maintenance in five cities in Iran.
    Between September and March 2020, our study included 1630 clients, 115 staff of harm reduction centers, and 30 experts in the field of harm reduction in five cities in Iran. Clients of harm reduction services were asked about using harm reduction services multiple times at the same center or at different centers in the last year using different identities. Estimates of double counting derived from client responses were validated by panels of center staff and experts in harm reduction.
    Synthesizing data from clients, staff, and experts, the final estimates of double counting of clients using harm reduction services were: HIV testing 10% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0-15), needle and syringe programs 17% (95% CI 8.5-20), condom distribution programs 13% (95% CI 3-19), HIV/STI counseling 10% (95% CI 0-16), and methadone maintenance 7% (95% CI 2-10).
    Double counting of clients in harm reduction services in Iran is substantial. Data on clients reach by harm reduction services need to be corrected for double counting to improve program planning, client population size estimation, and efficient resource allocation.
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  • 文章类型: Case Reports
    暂无摘要。
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    Inclusive fitness requires a careful accounting of all the fitness effects of a particular behavior. Verbal arguments can potentially exaggerate the inclusive fitness consequences of a behavior by including the fitness of relatives that was not caused by that behavior, leading to error. We show how this \"double-counting\" error can arise, with a recent example from the signaling literature. In particular, we examine the recent debate over whether parental divorce increases parent-offspring conflict, selecting for less honest signaling. We found that, when all the inclusive fitness consequences are accounted for, parental divorce increases conflict between siblings, in a way that they can select for less honest signaling. This prediction is consistent with the empirical data. More generally, our results illustrate how verbal arguments can be misleading, emphasizing the advantage of formal mathematical models.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    BACKGROUND: The wearable cardioverter defibrillator (WCD) is an important approach for better risk stratification, applied to patients considered to be at high risk of sudden arrhythmic death. Patients with implanted pacemakers may also become candidates for use of the WCD. However, there is a potential risk that pacemaker signals may mislead the WCD detection algorithm and cause inappropriate WCD shock delivery. The aim of the study was to test the impact of different types of pacing, various right ventricular (RV) lead positions, and pacing modes for potential misleading of the WCD detection algorithm.
    METHODS: Sixty patients with implanted pacemakers received the WCD for a short time and each pacing mode (AAI, VVI, and DDD) was tested for at least 30 seconds in unipolar and bipolar pacing configuration. In case of triggering the WCD detection algorithm and starting the sequence of arrhythmia alarms, shock delivery was prevented by pushing of the response buttons.
    RESULTS: In six of 60 patients (10%), continuous unipolar pacing in DDD mode triggered the WCD detection algorithm. In no patient, triggering occurred with bipolar DDD pacing, unipolar and bipolar AAI, and VVI pacing. Triggering was independent of pacing amplitude, RV pacing lead position, and pulse generator implantation site.
    CONCLUSIONS: Unipolar DDD pacing bears a high risk of false triggering of the WCD detection algorithm. Other types of unipolar pacing and all bipolar pacing modes do not seem to mislead the WCD detection algorithm. Therefore, patients with no reprogrammable unipolar DDD pacing should not become candidates for the WCD.
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