UNASSIGNED: Women are a considerable part of the population and contribute to every facet of life with significant participation in all professions, however, despite such advancements by women, there is still a gender bias in all walks of life including the medical field. This study aimed to evaluate the opportunities, challenges, and job satisfaction of women doctors in the workplace.
UNASSIGNED: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted among 165 women medical doctors living in Rivers State, Nigeria. Data was collected using a structured, self-administered questionnaire and results have been reported as frequencies and percentages for categorical variables.
UNASSIGNED: Of the 165 women recruited, 62(37.6%) were working as resident doctors, 43(26.1%) were medical officers and 42(25.5%) consultants. Only 85(51.5%) women reported global satisfaction in their workplace while 69(41.8%) admitted to career satisfaction. Most of the respondents agree that their career has limited the time available to spend with their family (74.5%) and their friends (78.2%) outside their working environment. The greatest challenges perceived at work include poor work-life balance in 123(74.5%) and lack of career advancement opportunities in 46(27.9%) respondents. While 112 women doctors (67.9%) had experienced insubordination from a junior male colleague in the workplace, 75(45.5%) had experienced some form of physical violence in the workplace (from staff or patients). One hundred and twenty women (72.7%) had experienced some sort of sexual harassment from both their male colleagues and male patients in the workplace, with 11(6.7%) reporting frequent sexual harassment from their male colleagues.
UNASSIGNED: Gender disparities and bias do exist in the medical field and should be discouraged at every level. When there is a positive organizational culture and supportive environment at work, women medical professionals can offer excellent medical care and break both clinical and academic glass ceilings.

UNASSIGNED: Infectious disease treatment and prevention are threatened by antimicrobial resistance (AMR) globally. The knowledge and attitudes of doctors regarding AMR and the responsible use of antibiotics are critical to improving prescribing behaviours and mitigating the danger that AMR poses. This study aims to assess the knowledge attitudes and practices of doctors in Nigeria regarding AMR.
UNASSIGNED: This was an online survey of doctors in Nigeria. A 31-item self-administered questionnaire was distributed via an online forum for doctors. The questionnaire consisted of knowledge, attitudes, and practices sections. Demographic and practice data were also collected from respondents. Data were analyzed using IBM-SPSS and were mainly descriptive. Bivariate correlation was used to determine the relationship between knowledge attitudes and practices.
UNASSIGNED: Two hundred and fifty -two doctors completed the survey. There were 105 (42%) resident doctors who participated in the study. Good knowledge and fair knowledge of AMR were shown by 95(41%) and 146(58%) doctors, respectively. There were few respondents with good attitudes and practices: 40 (16%) and 16 (6%), respectively. A large proportion of respondents had fair attitudes and practices -204(81%) and 185(73%) respectively. The relationship between practice, knowledge, and attitude was negligible. (r<1, p>0.05).
UNASSIGNED: Most doctors in this study showed fair to good knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding AMR. Efforts to reduce the incidence of AMR should leverage the perceptions and behaviours of these healthcare workers.

UNASSIGNED: The rapid spread and mutation rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS-CoV2) demands continuous monitoring in terms of genomic and serosurvival. The current study is designed to track the seroprevalence of health care workers (HCWs) postvaccination, as they may be more susceptible to contracting the SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to the general population.
UNASSIGNED: The objective was to identify the seroprevalence rate for SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody (N, S1, S2) amongst HCWs of various levels of exposure working in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Puducherry.
UNASSIGNED: The present study followed a nonprobability consecutive sampling technique, which involved 216 study participants HCWs from the hospital. IgG antibody levels were measured using EUROIMMUNE Anti SARS-COV-2 ELISA KIT (IG g) ELISA at two points: firstly, 2 weeks after the second dose of vaccination, followed by 2 weeks after the booster dose.
UNASSIGNED: Out of the total 216 participants enrolled in the survey, there were 140 males and 76 females, and the maximum number of candidates studied were in the 41-50 age group. Almost 46.7% of the HCWs who participated in the study were seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 in the case of those who were high-risk exposed, while only 30.4% were amongst those who were low-risk exposed. The proportion of study participants who became seropositive increased considerably after the booster dose (65.7%), from 38.0% when tested three months after infection.
UNASSIGNED: A significant increase in antibody titres amongst high-risk HCWs postboost vaccination demands continuous monitoring of soluble IgG levels for recommendations of vaccination schedules.

UNASSIGNED: Over the previous decades, violence against physicians has risen. To comprehend the issue connected with it, we need to know the nature of violence and doctor\'s views on the current state of safety at their disposal. The purpose of the study was to assess the incidence and nature of violence against doctors in tertiary health care centers in Karnataka, India.
UNASSIGNED: The objectives were to collect data from three tertiary care centers, evaluate the incidence of violence against doctors in tertiary care centers, and evaluate the nature of violence against doctors in tertiary care centers.
UNASSIGNED: From the list of all tertiary care centers in Dakshina Kannada, three tertiary care hospitals were randomly chosen. Approval of the Ethical Committee from the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) of KVG Dental College and permission from chosen hospitals were obtained. A pre-validated questionnaire was handed over to the available physicians and surgeons in these hospitals to be filled. The total number of participants in the study was 330.
UNASSIGNED: Nearly half (48.02% of physicians) reported experiencing violence during working hours. The Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology recorded 43.2% of instances, while surgery, medicine, and other departments reported 23.6%, 22.8%, and 10.4%, respectively.
UNASSIGNED: Violence against physicians continues to be a huge issue that must be addressed through decisive measures by the police and hospitals. This impacts the healthcare system in the nation and often cripples it owing to the loss of human resources and working hours.

Background Contemporary medical education emphasizes that postgraduate clinicians should look at their daily experiences as an opportunity to learn and advance their knowledge and practice of medicine. This is the concept of reflective practice. Internal medicine trainees (IMT) in the UK are encouraged to record written reflections in their electronic portfolios but it is not a mandatory requirement. There is literature suggesting that the level of engagement with these written reflections is varied and that when these are produced, they can be superficial. Thus, the aim of this research was to ascertain what percentage of trainees engaged in written reflections and the factors that affected the likelihood they would reflect. There are no studies that have attempted to quantify de novo engagement with reflective practice and to quantify the significance of different theorized barriers to reflection. Methods This study was in the form of a quasi-experimental cross-sectional study. A 15-item survey was sent out to the IMT in the northwest deanery of England (n=592). The survey remained open for approximately three months with periodic reminders sent out to the trainees. The survey was closed to further responses when the number of responses reached the predetermined sample size of 240 (5% margin of error at a confidence interval of 95%). The data were analyzed by chi-square testing and represented using descriptive statistics. Results There were 243 responses to this survey. A total of 81.5% (n=198) wrote reflections in their portfolio and 19.5% (n=45) did not write any reflections. The main content of written reflections were clinical outcomes (positive and negative), teaching, and new learning. Several background factors had a statistically significant influence on the likelihood that trainees would write reflections in their portfolios. These included their stage of training, years practicing medicine, location of primary medical training, first exposure to reflective practice, and whether they have ever been tutored on reflection. Concerns about legal or General Medical Council (GMC) use of reflective notes against trainees also significantly impacted on reflection. The main perceived barriers to written reflections were the fact that trainees felt they had no time to properly reflect and the lack of perceived benefits from reflections. Conclusion Most trainees wrote reflections in their portfolios, but the majority did not perceive any benefits in doing this. The varied backgrounds of trainees seem to have an impact on their likelihood to reflect and strategies to increase engagement would need to address this.

BACKGROUND: This review aimed to provide healthcare professionals with a scientific summary of best available research evidence on factors influencing respectful perinatal care. The review question was \'What were the perceptions of midwives and doctors on factors that influence respectful perinatal care?\'
METHODS: A detailed search was done on electronic databases: EBSCOhost: Medline, OAlster, Scopus, SciELO, Science Direct, PubMed, Psych INFO, and SocINDEX. The databases were searched for available literature using a predetermined search strategy. Reference lists of included studies were analysed to identify studies missing from databases. The phenomenon of interest was factors influencing maternity care practices according to midwives and doctors. Pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria were used during selection of potential studies. In total, 13 studies were included in the data analysis and synthesis. Three themes were identified and a total of nine sub-themes.
RESULTS: Studies conducted in various settings were included in the study. Various factors influencing respectful perinatal care were identified. During data synthesis three themes emerged namely healthcare institution, healthcare professional and women-related factors. Alongside the themes were sub-themes human resources, medical supplies, norms and practices, physical infrastructure, healthcare professional competencies and attributes, women\'s knowledge, and preferences. The three factors influence the provision of respectful perinatal care; addressing them might improve the provision of this care.
CONCLUSIONS: Addressing factors that influence respectful perinatal care is vital towards the prevention of compromised patient care during the perinatal period as these factors have the potential to accelerate or hinder provision of respectful care.

UNASSIGNED: As the vital and scarce resource of the health system, physicians are responsible for treating patients and saving lives and the equitable distribution of physicians among the whole population is a prerequisite to achieving health for all. We aimed to investigate inequality in physician distribution in the world using the Gini coefficient.
UNASSIGNED: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2021. The number of physicians and the population of countries were obtained from the WHO and United Nations (UN) databases. The Gini coefficient was calculated in three different modes and the distribution of physicians among countries in various Human Development Index (HDI) groups was determined using the physician ratio per 10,000 population.
UNASSIGNED: There were generally more than 13 million doctors in the world. About 43% of the world\'s physicians were available to 20% of the world\'s population in very high HDI countries, and 12% of the population had access to about 1% of physicians in low HDI countries. An average of 19.5 physicians are distributed per 10,000 population worldwide. The Gini coefficient between the four groups of HDI countries was 0.55, and that of all countries in the world was 0.640.
UNASSIGNED: There was a shortage and inequality in the distribution of physicians worldwide. Governments should eliminate inequality in the distribution of the medical workforce, in particular physicians, by redoubling their efforts and accurate planning.

BACKGROUND: While the number of emergency patients worldwide continues to increase, emergency doctors often face moral distress. It hampers the overall efficiency of the emergency department, even leading to a reduction in human resources.
OBJECTIVE: This study explored the experience of moral distress among emergency department doctors and analyzed the causes of its occurrence and the strategies for addressing it.
METHODS: Purposive and snowball sampling strategies were used in this study. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 10 doctors working in the emergency department of a tertiary general hospital in southwest China. The interview data underwent processing using the Nvivo 14 software. The data analysis was guided by Colaizzi\'s phenomenological analysis method.
RESULTS: This study yielded five themes: (1) imbalance between Limited Medical Resources and High-Quality Treatment Needs; (2) Ineffective Communication with Patients; (3) Rescuing Patients With no prospect of treatment; (4) Challenges in Sustaining Optimal Treatment Measures; and (5) Strategies for Addressing Moral Distress.
CONCLUSIONS: The moral distress faced by emergency doctors stems from various aspects. Clinical management and policymakers can alleviate this distress by enhancing the dissemination of emergency medical knowledge to the general public, improving the social and economic support systems, and strengthening multidisciplinary collaboration and doctors\' communication skills.

UNASSIGNED: Mentorship is an age-long act in most fields of learning. It plays a pivotal role in medical education. The strength of any mentorship relationship could have a direct bearing on the character traits of the mentor. We aimed to determine factors that influence the choice of mentors by potential mentees in a formal mentorship relationship among medical doctors in Rivers State, Nigeria.
UNASSIGNED: This was a descriptive cross-sectional survey that recruited potential mentees by convenience sampling. A semi-structured questionnaire was distributed via a monkey survey. The tool had sections that addressed mentees\' expectations, perceived factors that influence the choice of mentors, and ways to improve the mentors-mentee relationship, using a 5-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed.
UNASSIGNED: Of the 162 mentees recruited, 95 (58.6%) were females. The predominant age group was 31-40 years (40.1%). The majority, 137 (84.6%), practiced in public hospitals, and 102 (63%) were non-specialist doctors. The most common factor that influenced the choice of mentors as indicated by 156 (96.3%) participants was the ability of the mentors to help the mentees advance in their fields and connect them to opportunities. The two most cited areas of interest for mentorship were leadership in health organizations and research. Over 90% of mentees agreed that the roles of effective mentors are discussing possible solutions to difficult issues, identifying opportunities, and sharing personal experiences.
UNASSIGNED: Mentorship enables the targeted development of mentees. When developing mentoring programs and evaluating mentors, it is important to consider mentees\' opinions on the factors that impact their choice of mentors.

UNASSIGNED: The health workforce of a nation is crucial to its economic productivity and development. In Nigeria, the emigration of healthcare professionals from the country has become alarming and is fueled by various factors. This study thus determined to study the push and pull factors encouraging the emigration of medical consultants from Nigeria as well as their perceptions of what can be done to retain Nigeria\'s health workforce in the country.
UNASSIGNED: An online survey of 238 consultants (fellows) of the West Africa College of Physicians, West Africa College of Surgeons, and the National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria under the auspices of the Medical and Dental Consultants Association of Nigeria (MDCAN) was conducted. A structured questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.
UNASSIGNED: Push factors promoting the emigration of doctors identified in this study included the occurrence of armed conflict (66.0%), the inadequacy of job opportunities (69.7%), poor remuneration (69.7%) as well as the need to improve professional skills (82.4%). Pull factors supporting the emigration of the doctors included the need for better prospects for their professional practice (65.1%) and their children (84.9%), better remuneration (87.4%), and the assurance of better security (76.1%). Availability of incentives (82.4%), as well as improved security (85.3%) among other factors, were identified as being effective in retaining Nigeria\'s health workforce.
UNASSIGNED: The problem of doctors\' emigration from Nigeria persists and is fueled by various factors that need to be addressed urgently for improving the retention of the country\'s health workforce. It is recommended that a holistic approach confronting issues of training, availability of an enabling environment as well as the professional progression of doctors be adopted in tackling this emigration problem.