OBJECTIVE: Exosomal transfer RNA-derived fragments [exo-tRF] possess the capacity to be employed as biomarkers for several types of cancer. We aim to ascertain the diagnostic significance of exosomal 5\'tRF-TyrGTA and 5\'tRF-ValTAC in non-small cell lung cancer [NSCLC].
METHODS: Ultracentrifugation was deployed to obtain serum exosomes from NSCLC patients and healthy donors. The acquired exosomes were then confirmed by transmission electron microscopy [TEM], qNano, and western blot [WB] techniques. The level of exo- tRF expression was validated by the use of microarrays and RT-qPCR. The diagnostic performance of exo-tRFs for NSCLC was determined through the receiver operating characteristic curve [ROC].
RESULTS: Exosomal 5\'tRF-TyrGTA and 5\'tRF-ValTAC were significantly downregulated in both early- and late-stage NSCLC patients compared to healthy donors, representing favorable diagnostic efficiency for NSCLC. In addition, the exosomal 5\'tRF-TyrGTA level was correlated with tumor stage and lymph node metastasis.
CONCLUSIONS: Exosomal 5\'tRF-TyrGTA and 5\'tRF-ValTAC can serve as potential biomarkers for NSCLC.

Dementia (the most common cause of Alzheimer\'s disease) is defined as a chronic or progressive syndrome with disturbance of multiple cortical functions, the most important of them including memory, learning capacity, comprehension, orientation, calculation, language, and judgement. These cognitive impairments affect the quality of life, behavior, and social relations. Techniques of nuclear medicine provide feasible ways to record the intracellular alterations of disease and deficiencies. In these non-invasive manners, the hippocampal-neocortical disconnection may partly explain the hypo-metabolism incident found in Alzheimer\'s disease. Based on this fact, the study of all these mechanisms of action is conceivable and achievable by radiopharmaceuticals. This review is aimed at the presentation of radiopharmaceuticals that are developed for the detection of Alzheimer\'s disease in preclinical and clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: Most patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) have a high direction for recurrence and disease progression, which remains a significant unresolved challenge in bladder cancer patients. Therefore, a constant search is necessary for identifying appropriate and reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis of NMIBC. The current study has aimed to search for valuable diagnostic biomarkers in the tissue and urine specimens of NMIBC patients.
METHODS: The changes of twelve candidate mRNAs in a screening phase (40 tissue samples of NMIBC patients and their corresponding 40 urine specimens) and a subsequent independent validation phase (40 urine specimens) were estimated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was executed to determine the potential diagnostic values of mRNAs.
RESULTS: The mRNA levels of seven candidate genes were markedly higher in tissue specimens relative to their neighboring tissues. Among them, four mRNAs, including ERBB2, CCND1, MKI67, and MAGEA6, were differentially expressed in urine samples of NMIBC patients relative to control subjects. Further, the expression of these four mRNAs was validated in the validation step. Combining these biomarkers showed better diagnostic performance than single biomarkers in the urine sample for non-invasive NMIBC detection. The combination of these mRNAs and cytology enhanced the sensitivity of cytology from 37% to 87%.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that a four-mRNA panel may be promising in the non-invasive diagnosis of NMIBC, which deserves further investigation.

The kidneys play an irreplaceable role in metabolism and excretion. However, Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) often occurs due to high local concentrations of drugs, inflammation, and trauma. Activated optical probes with excellent detection performance can effectively identify biomarkers in the initial stage of AKI and play an important role in evaluating AKI and preventing the development of diseases. This article summarizes representative design strategies for molecular probes and special diagnostic applications. These molecular probes show great potential in basic research and clinical diagnosis, enabling enhanced images of tissue structure and biomarkers, as well as early diagnosis of AKI. In addition, the difficulties and challenges that optical probes may face in the development and application of AKI are also discussed in this article.

Hepatitis B is still one of the most important infectious diseases among humans, which is considered a serious threat to their lives. Early diagnosis of this disease can be an effective measure in stopping the chain of transmission and treatment of the disease. In this review study, an attempt has been made to explain the use of biosensors as a fast, high-efficiency, and low-cost method in diagnosis. The biosensors prepared for hepatitis detection included DNA-based, aptamers-based, protein-based, enzyme-based, antibody-based, and polymers-based biosensors, each of which had different advantages. The results of this review showed that almost all introduced biosensors had an acceptable performance. However, we suggest that aptamers are desirable for biosensing applications because they can change their structure to properly bind to their target, are cost-effective to prepare, and are highly sensitive.

OBJECTIVE: Status epilepticus (SE) is a serious event associated with high mortality. This study aims to validate the recently developed ADAN (Abnormal speech, ocular Deviation, Automatisms, and Number of motor epileptic seizures) scale for detecting high risk for SE.
METHODS: Prospective, multicenter, observational study in adults with suspected epileptic seizures. Consecutive recruitment took place over a 27-month period in 4 hospital emergency departments (EDs). The main endpoint was the proportion of patients with criteria for SE based on the collection and analysis of clinical characteristics and the ADAN scale criteria on arrival at the ED.
RESULTS: Of the 527 patients recruited, 203 (38.5%) fulfilled the criteria that predicted SE. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the 4 ADAN criteria were the only variables independently associated with a final diagnosis of SE (P .001). The predictive power of the scale was 90.9% (95% CI, 88.4%-93.4%) for a final SE diagnosis. We established 3 risk groups based on ADAN scores: low (score, 0-1: 8.7%), moderate (2, 46.6%), and high (> 2, 92.6%). A cut point of more than 1 had a sensitivity of 88.2% for predicting SE, specificity of 77.8%, positive predictive value of 71.3%, and negative predictive value of 91.3%.
CONCLUSIONS: The ADAN scale is a prospectively validated, simple clinical tool for identifying patients in the ED who are at high risk for SE.
OBJECTIVE: El estado epiléptico (EE) es una enfermedad grave con elevada mortalidad. Este estudio tiene como objetivo validar la escala ADAN, propuesta recientemente para identificar pacientes con alto riesgo de desarrollar un EE.
METHODS: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico y observacional que incluyó a pacientes adultos con sospecha de crisis epilépticas. Se llevó a cabo un reclutamiento consecutivo durante 27 meses en los servicios de urgencias (SU) de cuatro hospitales. La variable principal fue la proporción de pacientes que cumplían criterios para EE. Se han recopilado y analizado las características clínicas y la puntuación en la escala ADAN a su llegada al SU.
RESULTS: Se reclutaron 527 pacientes, de los cuales 203 (38,5%) cumplieron criterios de EE. En el análisis de regresión múltiple, se demostró que el habla anormal, la desviación ocular, los automatismos y el número de crisis epilépticas motoras fueron las únicas variables independientemente asociadas con un diagnóstico final de EE (p 0,001). La capacidad predictiva de la escala fue del 90,9% (intervalo de confianza del 95%, 88,4-93,4) para identificar el EE como diagnóstico final. Se establecieron tres grupos de riesgo: bajo (0 1 puntos: 8,7%), moderado (2: 46,6%) y alto (> 2: 92,6%). Una puntuación de corte > 1 punto proporcionó una sensibilidad del 88,2%, especificidad del 77,8%, valor predictivo positivo del 71,3% y valor predictivo negativo del 91,3% para predecir el EE.
CONCLUSIONS: La escala ADAN es una herramienta clínica simple y validada de manera prospectiva para identificar, en los SU, a los pacientes con elevado riesgo de EE.

Biomarkers are the most significant diagnosis tools tending towards unique approaches and solutions for the prevention and cure of Alzheimer\'s Disease (AD). The current report provides a clear perception of the concept of various biomarkers and their prominent features through analysis to provide a possible solution for the inhibition of events in AD. Scientists around the world truly believe that crucial hallmarks can serve as critical tools in the early diagnosis, cure, and prevention, as well as the future of medicine. The awareness and understanding of such biomarkers would provide solutions to the puzzled mechanism of this neuronal disorder. Some of the argued biomarkers in the present article are still in an experimental phase as they need to undergo specific clinical trials before they can be considered for treatment.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) is a chronic complication in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients and is characterized by paresthesia, pain, and hypoesthesia of the extremities. The Diabetic Neuropathy Symptom-Score (DNS) is a quick, inexpensive, and easy-to-perform tool to detect DPN in clinical practice. Biochemical markers like Nitric Oxide (NO) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) play a role in the early detection of DPN. This study aims to investigate the relationship between risk factors and these biomarkers. So, it is expected to improve the prevention and treatment of diabetic neuropathy more effectively.
METHODS: A cross-sectional method was used for this study. The sample size was 85 patients with T2DM who visited several primary healthcare in Medan, selected by consecutive sampling method based on eligibility criteria. Data collected included DNS, assessment of NO, VEGF, Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1C), plasma blood glucose (PBG), and lipid profile. The collected data were analyzed using an independent T-test.
RESULTS: The results showed that most T2DM patients, namely 73 people (85.9%), experienced DPN. From the bivariate analysis results, the risk factors associated with the prevalence of DPN in T2DM patients were found to be increased levels of total cholesterol, HbA1c, NO, and VEGF (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, blood pressure, fasting BGL, HDL-C, LDL-C, and triglycerides were not related to the occurrence of DPN in this study (p> 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: DNS can be used as a quick and easy initial screening tool implemented in clinical practice for screening DPN. Diabetic patients with DPN tend to have lower NO and increased VEGF; besides, NO levels are also associated with the progression of DPN. Furthermore, education, blood sugar control, and physical exercise, especially leg exercises, can prevent progressive DPN.

BACKGROUND: Interstitial cystitis is a diagnosis of exclusion due to the complexity of its etiology and pathology, which is a chronic disease with an unknown etiology. To our knowledge, few studies were performed to identify predictive biomarkers for interstitial cystitis.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify and validate potential biomarkers for Interstitial Cystitis (IC).
METHODS: The interstitial cystitis datasets were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by using the R package and were subjected to functional and pathway enrichment analysis. Key biomarkers of interstitial cystitis were identified by using Lasso regression analysis and the SVM-RFE algorithm. The diagnostic value of key biomarkers was validated in internal and external datasets, and pathways that relate to biomarkers of interstitial cystitis were screened. The ssGSEA was employed to identify the immune cells closely related to biomarkers. The expression of PLAC8 in patients with interstitial cystitis was detected by Immune-Histochemistry (IHC).
RESULTS: Sixteen differentially expressed genes associated with interstitial cystitis were identified, which were primarily linked to the biological process of the chemokine signaling pathway. PLAC8, identified as a biomarker for interstitial cystitis, was validated to express a significantly different between IC and normal bladder tissues. PLAC8-related pathways were analyzed, with a focus on NF-κB, TNF, Toll-like receptor, chemokine, IL-17, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. PLAC8 was proved to be closely related to immune activations, which is similar to the pathogenesis of IC, which is a chronic dysregulated immune disease. Meanwhile, we also observed a higher level of PLAC8 in IC tissues.
CONCLUSIONS: PLAC8 has promising application prospects as a biomarker for interstitial cystitis diagnosis. These findings could aid in the diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis.

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a relatively rare vascular complication of acute pancreatitis (AP), and its mortality rate is high. To our knowledge, relevant literature reports still need to be summarized. In this study, we analyzed the clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of five patients with AP complicated by PE and summarized and reviewed the relevant literature.
Clinical data of patients with AP complicated by PE treated in Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province between January 2017 and September 2022 were retrospectively collected. Combined with the relevant literature, the clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognoses of patients with AP combined with PE were analyzed and summarized.
Five patients were eventually enrolled in this study. Among the five patients with AP complicated by PE, all (100%) had symptoms of malaise, primarily chest tightness, shortness of breath, and dyspnea. All patients (100%) had varied degrees of elevated D-dimer levels and a significant decrease in the pressure of partial oxygen (PO2) and pressure of arterial oxygen to fractional inspired oxygen concentration ratio (PaO2/FiO2). Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) or pulmonary ventilation/perfusion imaging revealed a pulmonary artery filling defect in these patients. One patient (20%) had left calf muscular venous thrombosis before the occurrence of PE. Four patients (80%) were treated with lowmolecular- weight heparin (LMWH), and one patient (20%) was treated with rivaroxaban during hospitalization; all continued oral anticoagulant therapy after discharge. All patients (100%) were cured and discharged. No patients showed recurrence of AP or PE.
PE is a rare but life-threatening complication of AP. However, once diagnosed, early treatment with anticoagulation or radiological interventional procedures is effective, and the prognosis is good. Core Tips: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a rare but life-threatening complication of acute pancreatitis (AP). Its early diagnosis and timely anticoagulation or radiological intervention can reduce mortality. However, only nine cases have been reported in the English literature thus far, and they are all case reports. Our study is the first systematic analysis of patients with AP combined with PE with a review of the relevant literature. Our patients and those reported in the literature were discharged with good prognoses under treatment such as anticoagulation and vascular intervention. These cases remind clinicians that, in patients with AP, especially those with risk factors for venous thrombosis, it is necessary to monitor the D-dimer level dynamically. Clinicians should pay attention to AP patients\' symptoms and related examinations to reduce the chance of a missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis of PE.