OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review was to compare various types of restorations used in children and young adults affected with amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) to determine the most effective restorative treatment.
METHODS: This systematic review included randomized controlled trials, retrospective and prospective cohorts conducted on children and young adults diagnosed with amelogenesis imperfecta and written in French or English. A systematic search was conducted using four databases, namely Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE via PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus, using a selection of MeSH terms: \"Amelogenesis Imperfecta,\" \"Therapeutics,\" \"Treatment Outcome,\" \"Adult, young,\" \"Child,\" \"Dental Restoration, Permanent,\" \"Dental Restoration, Temporary,\" and \"Esthetics, Dental.\"
RESULTS: Out of 138 articles identified in the initial search, four articles met all the inclusion criteria. The results showed that ceramic restorations had better quality scores and longevity compared to other restorations.
CONCLUSIONS: Ceramic restorations could be considered the restorative treatment modality of choice for AI-affected children and young adults. However, more high-quality clinical trials involving young patients affected with AI are required to evaluate and compare the outcomes of different restorative approaches.
CONCLUSIONS: Young patients affected with amelogenesis imperfecta usually suffer from low self-esteem, psychological problems and social avoidance, caused by the alteration of teeth such as discoloration, sensitivity, fractures and reduced size. For the dentist, selecting the appropriate restorative treatment for AI in young patients could be a veritable challenge. Therefore, it is important to have an evidence-based modality. For this reason, in this review, the different restorative approaches used in AI-affected young patients were compared to recommend the most effective treatment.

BACKGROUND: In the study area, the traditional knowledge and cultural practices of utilizing medicinal plants in the human healthcare is primarily restricted to the old age members of the community, while younger generation is mostly unaware of the natural wealth usage.
OBJECTIVE: We provide the first ever ethno medicinal insights into the management of dental disorders in Pakistan. The prime objective of the study was to explore novel knowledge of these local and remote community members and share it with rest of the world in documented form.
METHODS: Field surveys were arranged for collection and documentation of medicinal plants of Manoor valley during 2015. Total 71 local inhabitants were interviewed randomly through questionnaire. The data obtained were quantitatively analyzed using the use value (UVi), relative frequency citations (RFCs), fidelity level index (FL%) and consensus index (CI%). For novel uses all plants were thoroughly checked with previously published articles on the same disorder and analyzed through Jaccard index (JI) and Sorensen\'s similarity index (QS). The collected specimens after confirmation were submitted to the Herbarium, Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan (HUP).
RESULTS: In present study 25 plants belonging to 17 families are reported, these plants were used commonly as ethno medicine. There were herbs (64%), shrubs (20%) and trees (16%) whereas, Lamiaceae with 4 species was the leading family. Majority of medicinal plant species were used in treatment of toothache (38%), wound healing (19%), gum infections (16%) whereas and lowest percentage of species were used for mouth ulcer as well as teeth powder (3%). Leaves were the most widely part used plant part in the treatment of different diseases (36%). Dominated medicinal plants with high used values were Juglans regia (UVi=0.94), Rumex dentatus (0.89) and Indigofera heterantha (0.88). Based on the RFC values, the most valuable and cited medicinal plant species used by the traditional drivers are Juglans regia having (RFCs=0.69) and Rumex dentatus (0.58). CI results show that most respondents percentage was for Juglans regia having CI%=69%, followed by Rumex dentatus (57.7%). Medicinal plants with high fidelity level and reported for one dental disorder were Berberis lycium, Geranium wallichianum, Lathyrus aphaca, Platanus orientalis, Sedum spp. and Urtica dioica for toothache. Further, new medicinal uses of Abies pindrow, Ajuga integrifolia, Berberis lycium, Urtica dioica, Indigofera heterantha were recorded for the first time from Pakistan and Astragalus grahamianus, Corydalis cornuta, Prunella vulgaris, Ranunculus muricatus, Rumex hastatus, Stellaria media, Tagetes minuta, Taraxacum officinale and Lathyrus aphaca, across the world for the current reported medicinal uses. All mentioned plant species are reported for the first time ever for dental disorders from Manoor Valley. Nonetheless, this is a novel study as no single ethno medicinal study on dental disorder up-till now has been reported from Pakistan.
CONCLUSIONS: The present study is the first ever documentation of ethno medicinal practices aiming at the dental disorders in Pakistan, which resulted in 64% of medicinal uses new claims. So, the reported species of remote valley should be further evaluated for proper experimentation and pharmacological activities to authenticate their current traditional usage. Field observation revealed vegetation of the area was generally threatened due to its unwise use by the local communities. Trends like deforestation, over grazing, habitat fragmentation and introduction of the exotic taxa were the visible threats. So conservation of such an important natural God gifted treasure is mandatory.