植物育种者发展竞争力,高产,能够应对生物胁迫挑战并耐受非生物胁迫的抗性作物品种,为全世界的消费者提供营养食品。为了实现这一点,植物育种者需要连续和容易地获得植物遗传资源(PGR)进行性状筛选,产生新的多样性,可以建立在新改良的品种中。《生物多样性公约》(CBD)等国际协定,《粮食和农业植物遗传资源国际条约》(ITPGRFA)和《名古屋议定书》承认各国对其遗传资源的主权。根据《CBD/名古屋议定书》,各国可以自由制定具体的国家立法,规范种质获取和利益分享,由双边谈判。因此,对PGR的访问变得越来越受限制和繁琐,导致种质交换减少。ITPGRFA试图通过建立全球统一的多边体系(MLS)来缓解这种情况。不幸的是,MLS(仍然)仅限于有限数量的食品和饲料作物,很少有蔬菜作物。容易和持续地获得遗传多样性以及公平和公平地分享衍生利益是培育新品种的先决条件。便利的获取有助于可持续作物生产以及粮食和营养安全;因此,访问和,因此,PGRFA的使用有待改进。因此,作者推荐,其中,扩大ITPGRFA的范围,以包括所有PGRFA,并使它们和所有相关信息可根据标准材料转让协议(SMTA)合并获得,如有必要,有认购制度或种子销售税。如此透明,功能和高效的系统将消除法律不确定性,并最大限度地降低交易费用,遗传资源的策展人和使用者,从而帮助植物育种者完成他们的使命。
Plant breeders develop competitive, high-yielding, resistant crop varieties that can cope with the challenges of biotic stresses and tolerate abiotic stresses, resulting in nutritious food for consumers worldwide. To achieve this, plant breeders need continuous and easy access to plant genetic resources (PGR) for trait screening, to generate new diversity that can be built into newly improved varieties. International agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) and the Nagoya Protocol recognised the sovereign rights of countries over their genetic resources. Under the CBD/Nagoya Protocol, countries are free to establish specific national legislations regulating germplasm access and benefit-sharing to be negotiated bilaterally. Consequently, access to PGR became increasingly restricted and cumbersome, resulting in a decrease in germplasm exchange. The ITPGRFA attempted to ease this situation by establishing a globally harmonised multilateral system (MLS). Unfortunately, the MLS is (still) restricted to a limited number of food and forage crops, with very few vegetable crops. Easy and continuous access to genetic diversity combined with equitable and fair sharing of derived benefits is a prerequisite to breeding new varieties. Facilitated access contributes to sustainable crop production and food and nutrition security; therefore, access to and, consequently, use of PGRFA needs to be improved. Thus, the authors recommend, among others, expanding the scope of the ITPGRFA to include all PGRFA and making them and all related information accessible under a Standard Material Transfer Agreement (SMTA) combined, if necessary, with a subscription system or a seed sales tax. Such a transparent, functional and efficient system would erase legal uncertainties and minimise transaction costs for conservers, curators and users of genetic resources, thus aiding plant breeders to fulfil their mission.