BACKGROUND: Multiple Canadian jurisdictions have reported a pattern of chronic pain among people who died from substance-related acute toxicity. This study examined the prevalence and characteristics of those with chronic pain using data from a national study of people who died of accidental acute toxicity.
METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of accidental substance-related acute toxicity deaths that occurred in Canada between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2017 was conducted. The prevalence of pain and pain-related conditions were summarized as counts and percentages of the overall sample. Subgroups of people with and without a documented history of chronic pain were compared across sociodemographic characteristics, health history, contextual factors and substances involved.
RESULTS: From the overall sample (n = 7902), 1056 (13%) people had a history of chronic pain while 6366 (81%) had no documented history. Those with chronic pain tended to be older (40 years and older), unemployed, retired and/or receiving disability supports around the time of death. History of mental health conditions, trauma and surgery or injury was significantly more prevalent among people with chronic pain. Of the substances that most frequently contributed to death, opioids typically prescribed for pain (hydromorphone and oxycodone) were detected in toxicology more often among those with chronic pain than those without.
CONCLUSIONS: Findings underscore the cross-cutting role of multiple comorbidities and unmanaged pain, which could compound the risk of acute toxicity death. Continued prioritization of harm reduction and regular patient engagement to assess ongoing needs are among the various opportunities for intervention.
BACKGROUND: Dans plusieurs provinces et territoires du Canada, on remarque que, souvent, les personnes qui décèdent d’une intoxication aiguë liée à une substance souffraient aussi de douleur chronique. Cette étude traite de la prévalence de la douleur chronique et des caractéristiques des personnes qui en sont atteintes en utilisant les données d’une étude nationale sur les décès par intoxication aiguë accidentelle.
UNASSIGNED: Nous avons réalisé une analyse transversale des décès par intoxication aiguë accidentelle liée à une substance qui ont eu lieu au Canada entre le 1er janvier 2016 et le 31 décembre 2017. Nous avons synthétisé, sous forme d’effectifs et de pourcentages, la prévalence de la douleur ainsi que des problèmes de santé liés à la douleur à partir de l’échantillon global. Nous avons effectué des comparaisons entre les personnes avec antécédents documentés de douleur chronique et les personnes sans antécédents documentés de douleur chronique, sur la base de différentes caractéristiques sociodémographiques, des antécédents médicaux, de facteurs contextuels et des substances consommées.
UNASSIGNED: Au sein de l’échantillon global (N = 7 902), 1 056 (13 %) personnes avaient des antécédents documentés de douleur chronique et 6 366 (81 %) n’en avaient pas. En général, les personnes souffrant de douleur chronique étaient plus âgées (40 ans et plus), n’avaient pas d’emploi et étaient à la retraite ou recevaient des prestations d’invalidité au moment de leur décès. Des antécédents de problèmes de santé mentale, de traumatisme et de chirurgie ou de blessure étaient beaucoup plus fréquents chez les personnes atteintes de douleur chronique. Parmi les substances le plus couramment en cause dans les décès, les opioïdes habituellement prescrits pour soulager la douleur (hydromorphone et oxycodone) ont été détectés plus souvent dans les analyses toxicologiques des personnes avec douleur chronique que dans les analyses des personnes sans douleur chronique.
CONCLUSIONS: Les résultats font ressortir le rôle transversal que jouent la présence concomitante de problèmes de santé et la douleur non traitée, cette dernière risquant d’accroître le risque de décès par intoxication aiguë. Continuer à prioriser la réduction des méfaits et mettre à contribution régulière des patients pour l’évaluation des besoins courants font partie des pistes d’intervention.
Between 2016 and 2017, at least one in ten of the people in Canada who died from an accidental acute toxicity had a documented history of chronic pain. People with chronic pain tended to be older and with no formal source of income. Mental health challenges, trauma and a previous surgery or injury were significantly more common among people with chronic pain than those without. Almost all individuals with chronic pain accessed health care services in the year before their death.
En 2016 et 2017, au moins une personne sur dix décédée d’une intoxication aiguë au Canada présentait des antécédents documentés de douleur chronique. En général, les personnes souffrant de douleur chronique étaient plus âgées et n’avaient pas de source officielle de revenus. Les antécédents de problèmes de santé mentale, de traumatisme et de chirurgie ou de blessure étaient nettement plus fréquents chez les personnes avec douleur chronique que chez celles sans douleur chronique. Presque toutes les personnes atteintes de douleur chronique avaient consulté des services de santé dans l’année précédant leur décès.

OBJECTIVE: Electronic prescriptions are now the standard of practice for all discharge and outpatient prescriptions. The intention is to increase patient safety, provide a more complete medication record for patients, lessen the burden on prescribers, and shorten the time it takes for medication orders to reach the pharmacy.
METHODS: This cross-sectional questionnaire survey study was conducted between January and August 2022 in three areas of a large urban safety net hospital.
METHODS: A large single academic medical center.
METHODS: Emergency department, inpatient clinicians, and procedural areas. The subjects of the study were trainees, attending physicians, and advance practice providers (APPs) Interventions: Data were collected from the participants using a self-reported questionnaire, including sociodemographic characteristics, ease of use, reliability, and preference. Additionally, the perception of the strengths and limitations associated with electronic prescribing (e-prescribing) were analyzed.
METHODS: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the barriers to e-prescribing of opioids.
RESULTS: A total of 121 prescribers completed the survey. The majority trusted that e-prescribing were transmitted successfully (62 percent), saved time (78 percent), and did not interrupt their workflow (78 percent). However, many prescribers indicated that additional improvements are needed, such as updating the patient\'s preferred pharmacy in the electronic medical record during each visit (52 percent) and having a 24-hour pharmacy readily available (66 percent).
CONCLUSIONS: Prescribers value the ease of use of e-prescribing and how time efficient the process can be. Nevertheless, there is a need to improve the system\'s service, design, and usefulness.

There is ongoing policy debate on the prescribing of controlled substances such as buprenorphine and stimulants via telemedicine. The goal of federal and state policymakers is to ensure access to care while limiting diversion risk. However, there is little evidence on how clinicians view and address diversion and on telemedicine\'s role in diversion. From December 2023 to January 2024, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 21 psychiatrists and primary care physicians engaged in hybrid (telemedicine and in-person) care models in which we explored perceptions of diversion and strategies used to monitor for diversion. Most physicians reported monitoring for diversion, but there was little consistency on how monitoring was done and reported strategies did not differ between telemedicine vs in-person care. When physicians suspected diversion, there was also wide variation in responses: some clinicians did not immediately take any action while others imposed more requirements on patients (e.g., more frequent visits), no longer prescribed the controlled substance, or terminated the patient from their practice. Few physicians had ever reported a case of suspected diversion to law enforcement. Our findings suggest that the Drug Enforcement Administration could clarify reporting requirements and professional societies could provide additional guidance on how to respond to suspected diversion, given the current variation in practice across clinicians could be exploited by individuals who want to divert.

U.S. law imposes strict recording and reporting requirements on all entities that manufacture and distribute controlled substances. As a result, the prescription opioid crisis has unfolded in a data-saturated environment. This article asks why the systematic documentation of opioid transactions failed to prevent or mitigate the crisis. Drawing on a recently disclosed trove of 1.4 million internal records from Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, a leading manufacturer of prescription opioids, we highlight a phenomenon we propose to call data diversion, whereby data ostensibly generated or collected for the purpose of regulating the distribution of controlled substances were repurposed by the industry for the opposite aim of increasing sales at all costs. Systematic data diversion, we argue, contributed substantially to the scale of drug diversion seen with opioids and should become a focus of policy intervention.

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Clinician use of prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) has been linked to better patient outcomes, but state requirements to use PDMPs are unevenly enforced. We assessed PDMP use in Minnesota, which requires opioid prescribers to hold accounts and, in most cases, search the PDMP before prescribing, but where enforcement authority is limited. Using 2023 PDMP data, we found that 4 in 10 opioid prescribers did not search and 2 in 10 did not hold an account. PDMP use was strongly associated with prescribing volume, but even among the top decile of opioid prescribers, 8% never searched the PDMP. Thirty-two percent of opioid fills came from clinicians who did not search the PDMP. Failures to use the PDMP may be driven by a lack of information about state requirements, beliefs that these requirements are not enforced, and the costs of accessing the PDMP relative to the benefits. These results highlight the potential for policy makers to promote safer and better-informed prescribing of opioids and other drugs by addressing the forces that have limited PDMP use so far.

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BACKGROUND: Access to anaesthesia and surgical care is a major problem for people living in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this region, ketamine is critical for the provision of anaesthesia care. However, efforts to control ketamine internationally as a controlled substance may significantly impact its accessibility. This research therefore aims to estimate the importance of ketamine for anaesthesia and surgical care in Sub-Saharan Africa and assess the potential impact on access to ketamine if it were to be scheduled.
METHODS: This research is a mixed-methods study, comprising of a cross-sectional survey at the hospital level in Rwanda, and key informant interviews with experts on anaesthesia care in Sub-Saharan Africa. Data on availability of four anaesthetic agents were collected from hospitals (n = 54) in Rwanda. Semi-structured interviews with 10 key informants were conducted, collecting information on the importance of ketamine, the potential impact of scheduling ketamine internationally, and opinions on misuse of ketamine. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using a thematic analysis approach.
RESULTS: The survey conducted in Rwanda found that availability of ketamine and propofol was comparable at around 80%, while thiopental and inhalational agents were available at only about half of the hospitals. Significant barriers impeding access to anaesthesia care were identified, including a general lack of attention given to the specialty by governments, a shortage of anaesthesiologists and migration of trained anaesthesiologists, and a scarcity of medicines and equipment. Ketamine was described as critical for the provision of anaesthesia care as a consequence of these barriers. Misuse of ketamine was not believed to be an issue by the informants.
CONCLUSIONS: Ketamine is critical for the provision of anaesthesia care in Sub-Saharan Africa, and its scheduling would have a significantly negative impact on its availability for anaesthesia care.

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BACKGROUND: The crisis of drug-related harm in the United States continues to worsen. While prescription-related overdoses have fallen dramatically, they are still far above pre-2010 levels. Physicians can reduce the risk of overdose and other drug-related harms by improving opioid prescribing practices and ensuring that patients are able to easily access medications for substance use disorder treatment. Most physicians received little or no training in those subjects in medical school. It is possible that continuing medical education can improve physician knowledge of appropriate prescribing and substance use disorder treatment and patient outcomes.
METHODS: Descriptive legal review. Laws in all 50 states and the District of Columbia were searched for provisions that require all or most physicians to receive either one-time or continuing medical education regarding controlled substance prescribing, pain management, or substance use disorder treatment.
RESULTS: There has been a rapid increase in the number of states with relevant requirements, from three states at the end of 2010 to 42 at the end of 2020. The frequency and duration of required education varied substantially across states. In all states, the number of hours required in relevant topics is a small fraction of overall required continuing education, an average of 1 h per year. Despite recent shifts in the substances driving overdose, most requirements remain focused on opioids.
CONCLUSIONS: While most states have now adopted continuing education requirements regarding controlled substance prescribing, pain management, or substance use disorder treatment, these requirements comprise a small component of the required post-training education requirements. Research is needed to determine whether this training translates into reductions in drug-related harm.