城市地区的特点是持续的人为投入,这表现在城市土壤表层的化学成分上。结果是化学元素的强烈异常的形成,包括铅(Pb),对于这个景观来说是非典型的。因此,本研究旨在探索埃里温城市地区土壤Pb异常的成分地球化学特征,Gyumri,还有Vanadzor,并确定在这些城市地区普遍的人为影响下出现的Pb的地球化学关联。通过组合数据分析和地理空间制图的结合使用获得的结果表明,受历史和正在进行的活动影响,不同城市的调查Pb异常形成了特定源的地球化学关联,以及这些地区化学元素的自然地球化学行为。具体来说,在埃里温,铅与铜和锌密切相关,形成一组持续的城市地区的人为示踪剂。相比之下,在Gyumri和Vanadzor,Pb与Ca相连,这表明几十年来,Pb与碳酸钙络合。Pb异常的这些成分地球化学特征与城市的社会经济发展以及不同时期其环境中存在的各种排放源直接相关。人类健康风险评估表明,儿童在埃里温的确定性为63.59%,在Gyumri和Vanadzor的确定性均为50%。
Urban areas are characterized by a constant anthropogenic input, which is manifested in the chemical composition of the surface layer of urban soil. The consequence is the formation of intense anomalies of chemical elements, including lead (Pb), that are atypical for this landscape. Therefore, this study aims to explore the compositional-geochemical characteristics of soil Pb anomalies in the urban areas of Yerevan, Gyumri, and Vanadzor, and to identify the geochemical associations of Pb that emerge under prevalent anthropogenic influences in these urban areas. The results obtained through the combined use of compositional data analysis and geospatial mapping showed that the investigated Pb anomalies in different cities form source-specific geochemical associations influenced by historical and ongoing activities, as well as the natural geochemical behavior of chemical elements occurring in these areas. Specifically, in Yerevan, Pb was closely linked with Cu and Zn, forming a group of persistent anthropogenic tracers of urban areas. In contrast, in Gyumri and Vanadzor, Pb was linked with Ca, suggesting that over decades, complexation of Pb by Ca carbonates occurred. These patterns of compositional-geochemical characteristics of Pb anomalies are directly linked to the socio-economic development of cities and the various emission sources present in their environments during different periods. The human health risk assessment showed that children are under the Pb-induced non-carcinogenic risk by a certainty of 63.59% in Yerevan and 50% both in Gyumri and Vanadzor.