BACKGROUND: The deficit in cognitive reappraisal capacity is a key factor in developing and maintaining emotional disorders such as anxiety disorders and depressive disorders. However, the results from both neuroimaging and behavioral studies are mixed. Therefore, we systematically conducted a series of meta-analyses based on behavioral and neuroimaging studies to clarify this issue.
METHODS: In behavioral meta-analyses, we used three-level random-effects models to summarize the overall effect sizes based on Hedges\' g. In neuroimaging meta-analyses, we used SDM-PSI to summarize the brain activation patterns.
RESULTS: Behavioral meta-analyses found that individuals with anxiety disorders or depressive disorders could reduce negative reactivity through reappraisal; the reduction of negative emotions through reappraisal by individuals with anxiety disorders was similar to that by healthy individuals; the reduction by depressive disorders was lower than that of healthy individuals. Neuroimaging meta-analyses showed that individuals with anxiety disorders or depressive disorders activated regions of cognitive control during cognitive reappraisal; the activation in individuals with anxiety disorders was lower than in healthy individuals; while the activation in individuals with depressive disorders was similar to that in healthy individuals.
CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with anxiety and depressive disorders showed dissociation in behaviour and neuroimaging patterns of cognitive reappraisal capacity deficit.

Effective regulation of emotions is essential in coping with everyday stressors. Although cognitive reappraisal and acceptance are both commonly employed to downregulate negative emotions, they differ in many aspects. Their effectiveness in real-life situations can also be influenced by prior stress or a person\'s trait preferences for certain emotion regulation (ER) strategies. In the present study, we compared the effectiveness of both ER strategies in a laboratory setting, while focussing on the effect of stress and trait moderators. Ninety-eight healthy participants aged 18-40 were randomly divided into three groups with instructions to use reappraisal, acceptance, or nothing while viewing distressing pictures from the IAPS database. Half of the participants in each group underwent a laboratory stressor (socially evaluated cold pressor test) 20-30 min before the ER task. The effectiveness of ER was measured subjectively on the visual analog scale, and by measuring heart rate, skin conductance, and pupil responses. The data show that cognitive reappraisal lowered subjectively experienced negative emotion, while acceptance did not. These group differences were however not supported by psychophysiological indicators. Secondly, although the laboratory stressor elicited cortisol stress responses in our participants, we did not find any effect on ER. Furthermore, the data has not supported the moderation effect by trait reappraisal and acceptance. The present findings show that deliberate usage of ER strategies when viewing emotionally charged pictures leads to a decrease in experienced emotion. On the other hand, the effects of stress and trait moderators were not supported, therefore they may be smaller and more variable than expected.

BACKGROUND: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a significant public health concern among adolescents with major depressive disorders (MDD). Although previous research has linked child maltreatment (CM) to NSSI, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the association between CM, cognitive reappraisal (CR), negative coping styles (NC) and NSSI in adolescents with MDD, from the perspectives of both Latent Variable Theory and the Network Theory of Mental Disorder.
METHODS: A sample of 651 adolescents with MDD was recruited from January to December 2023. Data on CM, CR, NC, and NSSI were collected through paper-based self-reported questionnaires. Data analysis primarily involved structural equation modeling and network analysis.
RESULTS: The reporting rate of NSSI among adolescents with MDD was 48.2%. CM showed a significant positive correlation with NSSI. NSSI was affected by CM through three paths: the mediating role of CR, the mediating role of NC, and the chain mediating role of both CR and NC. Emotional abuse (EA) was the central node, while NSSI, EA, and \"The urge to cry quietly when faced with troubles\"(NC10) were the key bridge nodes.
CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to use both structural equation modeling and network analysis to explore the explore the relationship between CM, CR, NC, and NSSI in adolescents with MDD, providing a theoretical basis for future early prevention and targeted interventions for adolescents with MDD.

To explore the mediating effect of emotion regulation strategies on the correlation between parental emotion socialization and internalizing problems in adolescents, as well as the moderating effect of gender, a questionnaire survey was administered to 1078 junior high school students (Mage = 13.96 ± 1.00). The results revealed that supportive parental emotion socialization was negatively correlated with adolescents internalizing problems, whereas non-supportive parental emotion socialization was positively correlated with such problems. Cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression strategies functioned as parallel mediators in the relationship between supportive parental emotion socialization and adolescent internalizing problems, while only expressive suppression mediated the correlation between non-supportive emotion socialization and adolescent internalizing problems. Gender did not exhibit a moderating effect on the mediation model. These findings suggest that supportive parental responses to adolescents\' negative emotions can reduce the incidence of depression and anxiety by cultivating increased utilization of cognitive reappraisal strategies and decreased reliance on expressive suppression strategies among adolescents, whereas non-supportive responses exacerbate the occurrence of depression and anxiety by promoting greater utilization of expressive suppression strategies. In addition, no significant gender differences were observed in the mediation effects. These findings emphasize the importance of prevention programs focusing on parental emotion socialization in adolescence.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1238308.].

Drawing from the motivational emotion regulation perspective and self-verification theory, this study demonstrates the mechanism linking creative self-efficacy and emotional exhaustion in which cognitive reappraisal serves as a mediator. Study 1 (N = 137) conducted in an experimental setting provided evidence for a causal relationship between creative self-efficacy and cognitive reappraisal. Individuals who have higher creative self-efficacy are more likely than those who have lower creative self-efficacy to engage in cognitive reappraisal because they reinterpret potentially emotion-eliciting situations in a way that reduces their emotional impact. Study 2 (N = 206), a survey study, revealed the indirect effect of creative self-efficacy on emotional exhaustion such that creative self-efficacy drives a mechanism that reduces emotional exhaustion by fostering the use of cognitive reappraisal as an emotion regulation strategy. Finally, Study 3 (N = 210) verified the mediation mechanism in the experimental setting, suggesting that creative self-efficacy can reduce momentary emotional exhaustion through the mediating effect of cognitive reappraisal. The findings provide implications for the research and practices on emotional exhaustion by highlighting the motivational process underlying emotion regulation.

Young adults with ASD experience shame in social interactions, and if poorly mishandled, it may interfere with their attempts to participate in their social environment. One strategy to reduce shame is cognitive reappraisal, yet the efficacy of this strategy was not examined in ASD. Here, we investigated the effect of reappraisal in reducing feelings of shame in ASD and the thematic contents used. Young adults with high-functioning ASD and typical participants were shown shame-arousing pictures. They imagined themselves as the primary character in each scenario and rated their feelings of shame. Then, they were trained to reappraise shame-arousing pictures less negatively. Finally, they viewed other shame-arousing photos, reappraised them, stated aloud their new interpretations, and rated their feelings. We found lower shame ratings in participants with ASD than in typical participants. In addition, we found a similar reduction in shame ratings after reappraising these pictures in both groups. Qualitative analysis revealed that participants with ASD used fewer positive narratives and more neutral and unrealistic descriptions than their typical peers. These findings highlight shame-regulation abilities in individuals with ASD while pointing to their unique narratives. We recommend that clinical interventions in ASD emphasize generating positive reappraisals of social situations.

Heart rate variability (HRV) has been linked to resilience and emotion regulation (ER). How HRV and brain processing interact during ER, however, has remained elusive. Sixty-two subjects completed the acquisition of resting HRV and task HRV while performing an ER functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) paradigm, which included the differential strategies of ER reappraisal and acceptance in the context of viewing aversive pictures. We found high correlations of resting and task HRV across all emotion regulation strategies. Furthermore, individuals with high levels of resting, but not task, HRV showed numerically lower distress during ER with acceptance. Whole-brain fMRI parametrical modulation analyses revealed that higher task HRV covaried with dorso-medial prefrontal activation for reappraisal, and dorso-medial prefrontal, anterior cingulate and temporo-parietal junction activation for acceptance. Subjects with high resting HRV, compared to subjects with low resting HRV, showed higher activation in the pre-supplementary motor area during ER using a region of interest approach. This study demonstrates that while resting and task HRV exhibit a positive correlation, resting HRV seems to be a better predictor of ER capacity. Resting and task HRV were associated with ER brain activation in mid-line frontal cortex (i.e. DMPFC).

Rumination regarding appearance is a major cause of body dissatisfaction among adolescents. Body ‎image concerns in this age group may lead to ‎considerable psychological distress. Studies suggest that adaptive emotion regulation strategies such as cognitive reappraisal and self-compassion can counteract the harmful consequences of rumination. The goal of the current study was to assess if and to what extent cognitive reappraisal and self-compassion can improve female adolescents\' body satisfaction and appreciation after engaging in appearance-related rumination. ‎Using an experimental design, 142 healthy female adolescents underwent an appearance-related rumination induction. ‎Following this, participants were randomly allocated to one of three experimental conditions requiring to implement either self-compassion, cognitive reappraisal, or rumination using a writing task. State body dissatisfaction ‎and appreciation were assessed at baseline, post-appearance rumination, and post-‎writing tasks. Appearance-related rumination increased state body dissatisfaction and reduced body appreciation in all groups. Importantly, state body dissatisfaction and appreciation fully restored to their baseline levels after implementing self-compassion and cognitive reappraisal, but not rumination. The findings provide empirical evidence regarding the negative consequences of appearance-related rumination among adolescents and demonstrate how adaptive emotion regulation strategies can assist in coping efficiently with appearance-related rumination.

UNASSIGNED: Both Internet addiction (IA) and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) are major public health concerns among adolescents, association between internet addiction and non-suicidal self-injury have been observed among adolescents. However, it is unclear how, and under what conditions, internet addiction relates to non-suicidal self-injury. According to our hypothesis, there is a positive relationship between IA and NSSI among Chinese adolescents, but this relationship is affected by the mediating role of loneliness and the moderating role of cognitive reappraisal.
UNASSIGNED: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 1046 Chinese adolescents from 3 middle schools. Measurements: Adolescent Self-Harm Scale; Young\'s Internet Addiction Test (IAT); University of California at Los Angels (UCLA) Loneliness Scale; Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), They were asked to complete self-report questionnaires.
UNASSIGNED: In our sample, the detection rate of NSSI was 12.3%. IA was positively associated with NSSI, and loneliness partially mediated the association between them. In addition, cognitive reappraisal moderated the first half path of the mediation model. Specifically, the higher the level of cognitive reappraisal, the weaker the positive effect of IA on NSSI through loneliness.
UNASSIGNED: Interventions targeted to reduce loneliness and increase cognitive reappraisal strategies may reduce the risk of NSSI in adolescents with Internet addiction.