关于空气污染对健康影响的流行病学研究通常估计居住地址的暴露。然而,忽略日常流动模式可能会导致暴露估计有偏差,正如以前的暴露研究所记录的那样。为了提高与流动模式相关的暴露与流行病学研究的可靠整合,我们对各大洲使用便携式传感器测量各种交通工具中空气污染浓度的研究进行了系统回顾。为了比较不同交通方式的个人风险,特别是主动模式与机动模式,我们使用贝叶斯随机效应荟萃分析估计成对暴露率.总的来说,我们包括六种空气污染物的测量(黑碳(BC),一氧化碳(CO),二氧化氮(NO2),七种运输方式的颗粒物(PM10、PM2.5)和超细颗粒(UFP)(即,走路,骑自行车,公共汽车,汽车,摩托车,地上,地下)来自52项已发表的研究。与活动模式相比,机动模式的使用者始终最容易暴露于气态污染物(CO和NO2)。与其他模式相比,骑自行车和步行对UFP的影响最大。对于其他粒子度量,主动与被动模式的对比大多不一致。与活动模式相比,公交车用户一直更容易接触PM10和PM2.5,而汽车用户,平均而言,比行人暴露得更少。铁路模式经历了一些较低的暴露(与PM10的骑车人和UFP的行人相比)和较高的暴露(与PM2.5和BC的骑车人相比)。由于研究数量较少,因此应仔细考虑摩托车计算的比率,主要在亚洲进行。计算暴露率克服了大陆和国家之间可能存在的污染物水平的异质性。然而,由于各国之间现有数据的差异,在全球范围内制定比率仍然具有挑战性。
Epidemiological studies on health effects of air pollution usually estimate exposure at the residential address. However, ignoring daily mobility patterns may lead to biased exposure estimates, as documented in previous exposure studies. To improve the reliable integration of exposure related to mobility patterns into epidemiological studies, we conducted a systematic review of studies across all continents that measured air pollution concentrations in various modes of transport using portable sensors. To compare personal exposure across different transport modes, specifically active versus motorized modes, we estimated pairwise exposure ratios using a Bayesian random-effects meta-analysis. Overall, we included measurements of six air pollutants (black carbon (BC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) and ultrafine particles (UFP)) for seven modes of transport (i.e., walking, cycling, bus, car, motorcycle, overground, underground) from 52 published studies. Compared to active modes, users of motorized modes were consistently the most exposed to gaseous pollutants (CO and NO2). Cycling and walking were the most exposed to UFP compared to other modes. Active vs passive mode contrasts were mostly inconsistent for other particle metrics. Compared to active modes, bus users were consistently more exposed to PM10 and PM2.5, while car users, on average, were less exposed than pedestrians. Rail modes experienced both some lower exposures (compared to cyclists for PM10 and pedestrians for UFP) and higher exposures (compared to cyclist for PM2.5 and BC). Ratios calculated for motorcycles should be considered carefully due to the small number of studies, mostly conducted in Asia. Computing exposure ratios overcomes the heterogeneity in pollutant levels that may exist between continents and countries. However, formulating ratios on a global scale remains challenging owing to the disparities in available data between countries.