The use of membrane-based guided bone regeneration techniques has great potential for single-stage reconstruction of critical-sized bone defects. Here, a multifunctional bone regeneration membrane combining flexible elasticity, electrical stimulation (ES) and osteoinductive activity is developed by in situ doping of MXene 2D nanomaterials with conductive functionality and β-TCP particles into a Poly(lactic acid-carbonate (PDT) composite nano-absorbable membrane (P/T/MXene) via electrostatic spinning technique. The composite membrane has good feasibility due to its temperature sensitivity, elastic memory capacity, coordinated degradation profile and easy preparation process. In vitro experiments showed the P/T/MXene membrane effectively promoted the recruitment and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) under ES and enhanced the angiogenic capacity of endothelial cells, which synergistically promoted bone regeneration through neovascularization. In addition, an in vivo rat model of cranial bone defects further confirmed the bone regeneration efficacy of the P/T/MXene membrane. In conclusion, the developed P/T/MXene membrane can effectively promote bone regeneration through their synergistic multifunctional effects, suggesting the membranes have great potential for guiding tissue regeneration and providing guidance for the biomaterials design.

The management of teeth with open apices poses unique challenges in endodontics, requiring effective strategies to promote continued root development and maintain pulp vitality. This abstract explores the utilization of bioactive materials in the treatment of open apices, specifically focusing on their role in achieving optimal outcomes. Bioactive materials, such as Biodentine (Septodont, Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, France), have gained prominence for their favourable physiochemical properties, biocompatibility, and ability to stimulate dentinogenesis. The application of a bioactive material as an apical plug not only addresses immediate concerns but also contributes to long-term health and stability. This abstract reviews relevant literature, discusses clinical cases, and emphasizes the importance of tailoring treatment plans to the individual characteristics of open apex cases. The findings underscore the promising role of bioactive materials in reshaping the landscape of endodontic interventions for teeth with open apices, highlighting their potential to enhance both clinical and radiographic success.

BACKGROUND: Dental materials with dentine regenerative properties are preferred over conventional materials. Calcium silicate cements, such as Biodentine, are bioactive and offer excellent sealing ability, making them ideal for various dental treatments.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to fabricate bioactive calcium silicates infused with titanium (Ti) and strontium (Sr) to optimize their neo-angiogenic, antimicrobial, and regenerative properties while maintaining mechanical stability.
METHODS: Ti- and Sr-infused calcium silicate cements were synthesized, and their mineral phases were characterized using X-ray diffraction. Morphological and elemental analyses were performed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Raman spectroscopy was used to confirm the formation of bioactive material. A hemocompatibility assessment was conducted to evaluate blood compatibility.
RESULTS: The presence of Ca2, SiO4, and SrTiO3 mineral phases indicated the successful infusion of Ti and Sr into the calcium silicate cement. FESEM and EDS revealed interconnected small spheres and rods in the silicate network with the relevant elemental compositions. Raman spectra verified that Si-O-Si and Ti-O-Ti vibrations exist, validating the formation of a bioactive material. The hemocompatibility assessment demonstrated optimal blood compatibility.
CONCLUSIONS: This study successfully fabricated an improved calcium silicate-based material with enhanced regenerative properties and excellent biocompatibility. This newly formed substrate holds promise for providing superior restorative solutions and aiding in conservative treatment modalities during dental procedures.

OBJECTIVE: The trial aimed to compare the clinical performance and radiographic success of ACTIVA BioACTIVE versus Compomer in restoring class-II cavities of primary molars.
METHODS: A non-inferior split-mouth design was considered. A pre-calculated sample size of 96 molars (48 per group) with class-2 cavities of twenty-one children whose ages ranged from 5 to 10 years were randomly included in the trial. Pre-operative Plaque Index (PI), DMFT/dmft scores and the time required to fill the cavity were recorded. Over 24 months, the teeth were clinically evaluated every six months and radiographically every 12 months by two calibrated and blinded evaluators using the United States public health service (USPHS)-Ryge criteria. The two-sided 95% confidence interval (CI) for the difference in success rate was considered to assess non-inferiority, and the margin was set at -18%. The linear mixed model and Firth\'s logistic regression model were used for data analysis (P < 0.05).
RESULTS: After 24 months, 86 teeth (43 per group) were evaluated. The mean PI score was 1.1(± 0.9), while DMFT/dmft was 0.35 (± 0.74) and 6.55 (± 2.25) respectively. The clinical and radiographic success rate of Dyract vs. ACTIVA was 95.3% and 88.3% vs. 93% and 86%, respectively. The two-sided 95% CI for the difference in success rate (-2.3%) was - 3.2 to 1.3% and didn\'t reach the predetermined margin of -18% which had been anticipated as the non-inferiority margin. Clinically, ACTIVA had a significantly better colour match (P = 0.002) but worse marginal discolouration (P = 0.0143). There were no significant differences regarding other clinical or radiographic criteria (P > 0.05). ACTIVA took significantly less placement time than Dyract, with a mean difference of 2.37 (± 0.63) minutes (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: The performance of ACTIVA was not inferior to Dyract and both materials had a comparable high clinical and radiographic performance in children with high-caries experience. ACTIVA had a significantly better colour match but more marginal discolouration. It took significantly less time to be placed in the oral cavity.
BACKGROUND: The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov on 4 May 2018 (#NCT03516838).

Hydrogel wound dressings play a crucial role in promoting the healing of drug-resistant bacterially infected wounds. However, their clinical application often faces challenges such as the use of numerous components, a complicated preparation process, and insufficient biological activity. Itaconic acid, known for its excellent biological and reaction activities, has not been extensively studied for the preparation of itaconic acid-based hydrogels and their application in infected wound healing. Therefore, there is a need to develop a multifunctional single-component itaconic acid-based hydrogel that is easy to synthesize and holds promising prospects for clinical use in promoting the healing of infected wounds. In this study, we present a single-component polyitaconate-based hydrogel (PICGI) with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and biological activity. The PICGI hydrogel demonstrates great potential in promoting healing of infected wounds and skin regeneration. It exhibits desirable thermosensitive, injectable, and adhesive properties, as well as broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and anti-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, the PICGI hydrogel is biocompatible and significantly enhances the migration and tube formation of endothelial cells. In the case of drug-resistant bacterially infected wounds, the PICGI hydrogel effectively inhibits bacterial infection and inflammation, promotes angiogenesis, and facilitates collagen deposition, thereby accelerating the healing and regeneration of the skin. This study highlights the promising application of the PICGI hydrogel as a single-component hydrogel in tissue repair associated with bacterial infection and inflammation. Moreover, the simplicity of its components, convenient preparation process, and sufficient biological activity make the PICGI hydrogel highly suitable for promotion and clinical application.

The spine is the most common site of bone metastases, as 20%-40% of cancer patients suffer from spinal metastases. Treatments for spinal metastases are scarce and palliative, primarily aiming at relieving bone pain and preserving neurological function. The bioactive agents-mediated therapies are the most effective modalities for treating spinal metastases because they achieve systematic and specific tumor regression. However, the clinical applications of some bioactive agents are limited due to the lack of targeting capabilities, severe side effects, and vulnerability of drug resistance. Fortunately, advanced biomaterials have been developed as excipients to enhance these treatments, including chemotherapy, phototherapy, magnetic hyperthermia therapy, and combination therapy, by improving tumor targeting and enabling sustaining and stimuli-responsive release of various therapeutic agents. Herein, the review summarizes the development of biomaterials-mediated bioactive agents for enhanced treatments of spinal metastases and predicts future research trends.

Loss of sweat glands (SwGs) commonly associated with extensive skin defects is a leading cause of hyperthermia and heat stroke. In vivo tissue engineering possesses the potential to take use of the body natural ability to regenerate SwGs, making it more conducive to clinical translation. Despite recent advances in regenerative medicine, reconstructing SwG tissue with the same structure and function as native tissue remains challenging. Elucidating the SwG generation mechanism and developing biomaterials for in vivo tissue engineering is essential for understanding and developing in vivo SwG regenerative strategies. Here, we outline the cell biology associated with functional wound healing and the characteristics of bioactive materials. We critically summarize the recent progress in bioactive material-based cell modulation approaches for in vivo SwG regeneration, including the recruitment of endogenous cells to the skin lesion for SwG regeneration and in vivo cellular reprogramming for SwG regeneration. We discussed the re-establishment of microenvironment via bioactive material-mediated regulators. Besides, we offer promising perspectives for directing in situ SwG regeneration via bioactive material-based cell-free strategy, which is a simple and effective approach to regenerate SwG tissue with both fidelity of structure and function. Finally, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of in vivo SwG regeneration in detail. The molecular mechanisms and cell fate modulation of in vivo SwG regeneration will provide further insights into the regeneration of patient-specific SwGs and the development of potential intervention strategies for gland-derived diseases.

Background Bone is a dramatically regenerating tissue with the ability to heal after trauma, although intensive surgical management is required to treat considerable damage. In this study, 45S5 bioactive grafts were prepared through the melt-quenched method in compliance with the guidelines on medical product requirements (MDD regulations; 93/42/EEC Annex-II section 3&4 and ISO standardizations; ISO 13485:2016) for bone repair and regeneration. Methodology After preparing the graft/scaffold, it was evaluated for biocompatibility according to the principles of \"lSO 10993-6 2015 Biological evaluation of medical devices: Tests for local effects after implantation, Annex D \'Test method for implantation in bone,\'\" \"lSO 10993-2:2005 Biological evaluation of medical devices: Animal welfare requirements,\" and \"lSO 10993-12 2012 Biological evaluation of medical devices sample preparation rules and standards.\" Defects were created on the tibia of the right hind leg. The defects were filled with 3-mm bioactive granules, and a cylindrical polypropylene biocompatible material was used as a negative control. After 120 days, the sheep were sacrificed, and the tibia were analyzed. Results The results demonstrated the safety of 45S5 bioactive grafts. Histological evaluation showed no signs of pathological changes around the implant area. Hematoxylin and eosin sections demonstrated the presence of a few multinucleated giant cells, macrophages, and non-irritant mild fibrotic changes on the surface of the biomaterial. Conclusions 45S5 bioactive glass was found to be biocompatible in a sheep model, demonstrating its capacity to promote bone consolidation while also justifying its further preclinical application as a bone-bonded material owing to the layer formation of the growing bone mineral.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of cavity disinfectants chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), Er, Cr, YSGG laser (ECL), and curcumin photosensitizer (CP) against Lactobacillus and shear bond strength (SBS) of Bioactive (BA) and bulk fill composite (BFC) restorative material bonded to carious affected dentin (CAD).
METHODS: Sixty human mandibular molars scored 4 and 5 on the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) were included. After inoculating the specimens with lactobacillus specie all the samples were arbitrarily divided into three groups based on the disinfection regime used (n=20). Groups 1 and 2: CAD disinfection using ECL, Groups 3 and 4: CAD disinfection using CP, and Groups 5 and 6: CAD disinfection using CHX. After cavity sterilization, the survival rate was estimated and each group was further divided into two sub-groups based on the restorative material used. Groups 1, 3, and 5 (n = 10) were restored using BFC restorative material, and groups 2, 4, and 6 (n = 10) were restored using a conventional bulk-fill resin material. A universal testing machine (UTM) was used to determine the SBS and debonded surfaces were examined under a stereomicroscope to determine the modes of failure. Kruskal-Walis, ANOVA, and Post Hoc Tukey were applied to investigate the survival rate and bond strength values.
RESULTS: ECL group displayed the highest survival rate (0.73±0.13) of Lactobacillus. The least survival rate (0.17±0.09) was demonstrated by CP activated by PDT. Group 1 (ECL+ BA) treated specimens exhibited the maximum value of SBS (18.31 ± 0.22 MPa). However, group 3 (CP + BA) revealed the minimum values of bond strength (14.05 ± 1.02 MPa). The intergroup comparison revealed that group 1, group 2 (ECL+BFC) (18.11 ± 0.14 MPa), group 5 (CHX+ BA) (18.14 ± 0.36 MPa), and group 6 (CHX+BFC) (18.18 ± 0.35 MPa) displayed comparable outcomes of bond integrity (p>0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Caries-affected dentin disinfected with Er, Cr: YSGG, and chlorhexidine improve bond scores of bioactive and conventional bulk-fill restorative material.

In this study, the novel exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by the marine bacterium Alteromonas macleodii Mo 169 was used as a stabilizer and capping agent in the preparation of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). The synthesized nanoparticles were well dispersed and spherical with an average particle size of 32 nm. The cytotoxicity of the EPS and the EPS/SeNPs bio-nanocomposite was investigated on human keratinocyte (HaCaT) and fibroblast (CCD-1079Sk) cell lines. No cytotoxicity was found for the EPS alone for concentrations up to 1 g L-1. A cytotoxic effect was only noticed for the bio-nanocomposite at the highest concentrations tested (0.5 and 1 g L-1). In vitro experiments demonstrated that non-cytotoxic concentrations of the EPS/SeNPs bio-nanocomposite had a significant cellular antioxidant effect on the HaCaT cell line by reducing ROS levels up to 33.8%. These findings demonstrated that the A. macleodii Mo 169 EPS can be efficiently used as a stabilizer and surface coating to produce a SeNP-based bio-nanocomposite with improved antioxidant activity.