2型糖尿病(T2DM)是全球公认的重要健康问题,糖尿病足(DF)被确定为严重的长期并发症,可导致组织死亡或截肢。发现分枝杆菌的影响,肠道微生物组中的一组不同的多细胞真核生物,对内分泌失调的发作具有重要意义。因此,这项研究旨在检查真菌真菌基因组的变异,并确定T2DM和T2DM-DF的潜在生物标志物。收集33例T2DM患者的粪便和血液样本。32名T2DM-DF患者,和32名没有任何健康状况(HC)的健康个体。血液样本用于实验室参数分析,同时从粪便样品中提取总DNA,并使用Illumina18srRNA进行测序。生物信息学工具被用来分析真菌的丰度和多样性,揭示了区分T2DM的差异表达真菌物种和特征真菌,T2DM-DF,HC组。首先,在三组中观察到一些实验室参数的显着变化,T2DM和T2DM-DF之间也存在差异。T2DM和T2DM-DF的肠道真菌多样性与HC组明显不同;然而,在T2DM-DF中观察到更明显的变化。此外,两个显著改变的门,子囊菌和担子菌,与HC组相比,T2DM和T2DM-DF中的子囊菌丰度较高,但担子菌丰度较低。此外,在物种水平上显示显着变化的前15种真菌包括与HC相比,T2DM患者的红景天菌丰度显着下降,以及仅在T2DM-DF患者中观察到的未分类的念珠菌丰度显着增加,但不在诊断为T2DM或HC的人群中。第三,KEGG用于分析三组中的酶表达,与T2DM相比,T2DM-DF中的肠道真菌功能发生了更明显的改变。随后,为了准确识别每个群体中的特征真菌,使用随机森林对前15种重要真菌进行排名。值得注意的是,11种真菌被鉴定为区分T2DM或T2DM-DF与HC的潜在生物标志物。而8种真菌可以区分T2DM和T2DM-DF。此外,受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析显示预测结果的准确性提高.这些发现提示真菌生物群落的改变与T2DM和DF的进展和并发症密切相关。为诊断和治疗提供了有希望的前景。
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is globally recognized as a significant health concern, with diabetic foot (DF) identified as a severe long-term complication that can lead to tissue death or amputation. The discovery of the impact of mycobiota, a diverse group of multicellular eukaryotes in the gut microbiome, on the onset of endocrine disorders holds great significance. Therefore, this research aimed to examine variations in fungal mycobiome and identify potential biomarkers for T2DM and T2DM-DF. Fecal and blood samples were collected from 33 individuals with T2DM, 32 individuals with T2DM-DF, and 32 healthy individuals without any health conditions (HC). Blood samples were used for laboratory parameters analysis, while total DNA was extracted from fecal samples and sequenced using Illumina 18s rRNA. Bioinformatics tools were employed to analyze fungal abundance and diversity, revealing differentially expressed fungal species and signature fungi that distinguished between T2DM, T2DM-DF, and HC groups. Firstly, significant alterations in some laboratory parameters were observed among the three groups, which also differed between T2DM and T2DM-DF. The diversity of gut fungi in T2DM and T2DM-DF significantly differed from that of the HC group; however, more pronounced changes were observed in T2DM-DF. Additionally, two significantly altered phyla, Ascomycota and
Basidiomycota, were identified with higher Ascomycota abundance but lower
Basidiomycota abundance in both the T2DM and T2DM-DF compared to the HC group. Furthermore, the top 15 fungi showing significant changes at the species level included a notable decrease in Rhodotorula_mucilaginosa abundance in patients with T2DM compared to HC and a substantial increase in unclassified_g_Candida abundance specifically seen only among patients with T2DM-DF, but not among those diagnosed with T2DM or HC. Thirdly, KEGG was employed to analyze enzyme expression across the three groups, revealing a more pronounced alteration in gut fungal function within T2DM-DF compared to T2DM. Subsequently, to accurately identify signature fungi in each group, a random forest was utilized to rank the top 15 significant fungi. Notably, 11 fungi were identified as potential biomarkers for distinguishing T2DM or T2DM-DF from HC, while eight fungi could discriminate between T2DM and T2DM-DF. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis demonstrated enhanced accuracy of predicted outcomes. These findings suggest that changes in fungal mycobiome are closely associated with the progression and complications of T2DM and DF, offering promising prospects for diagnosis and treatment.