Combustible cigarette and heated tobacco products (HTPs), the two most frequently used tobacco products, negatively affect bone healing. However, whether smoking cessation following fracture benefits bone healing is unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of smoking cessation immediately after surgery on reduced fracture healing induced by smoking. Smoking combustible cigarettes and heated tobacco products generates cigarette smoking extracts (CSE) (extracts from combustible cigarettes [cCSE] and from HTPs [hCSE], respectively). In vivo, CSEs were injected intraperitoneally into rat models for 3 weeks before femoral midshaft osteotomy and fixation. The rats were then divided into CSE continuation and cessation groups postoperatively. Micro-computed tomography (μCT) and biomechanical analyses were performed 6 weeks postoperatively to assess bone union at the fracture site. In vivo study showed μCT assessment also revealed significantly higher cortical bone mineral density (p = 0.013) and content (p = 0.013), and a higher bone union score (p = 0.046) at the fracture site in the cCSE cessation group than in the cCSE continuation group. Biomechanical assessment revealed that elasticity at the fracture site was significantly higher in the cCSE cessation group than in the cCSE continuation group (p = 0.041). These findings provide that smoking cessation, particularly of combustible cigarette, immediately after a fracture accelerates bone fracture healing and increases mechanical strength at the fracture site.

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Exploring and implementing competency-based education approaches to assess research skills are necessary to close the gap between research and practice, promote lifelong learning among future nurses, and improve research literacy. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of competency-based education in improving the assessment of research skills among nursing students. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study (PICOS) eligibility criteria were used to select original studies published between 2017 and 2023. As a first step in the data-handling process, titles and abstracts of all articles retrieved by the search strategy were screened for relevance, and the irrelevant articles were discarded. The screening process was conducted by two authors independently, and the final decisions were made together. A meta-analysis was performed to assess the effectiveness of competency-based education in improving the assessment of research skills among nursing students. Five quantitative studies were appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. The effect size was 0.69 ± 0.35 (P = 0.05), which indicates a high effect on research competency among nursing students who attend courses or training in research matters, after transforming data to correlation coefficient resulting in r = 0.5. The study encourages research literacy among nursing students. Through competency-based learning, students are exposed to a variety of research methodologies, ethical issues, and scientific writing conventions. This exposure enhances their capacity to understand, assess, and apply research evidence, empowering them to become knowledgeable consumers and field contributors. While making evidence-based decisions, nurses with research competencies can actively incorporate the most recent research findings into their clinical practice. Furthermore, nurses with strong research abilities can influence health policy and practice.

OBJECTIVE: Pharmacopoeias regulate the manufacture of potentised pharmaceutical preparations used in different branches of complementary and integrative medicine. The physicochemical properties and biological activity of these preparations are often investigated in preclinical research, yet no guidelines for experimental research currently exist in this area. The present PrePoP guidelines aim to provide recommendations to promote high-quality, statistically sound, and reproducible preclinical research on potentised preparations.
METHODS: Input was gathered from researchers nominated by the relevant scientific societies using a simplified Delphi consensus approach covering the most relevant aspects of basic research methodology in the field including appropriate controls, sample preparation and handling, and statistics. After three rounds of feedback, a consensus was finally reached on the most important aspects and considerations for conducting high-quality research on potentised preparations.
RESULTS: We present a series of recommendations on a range of topics including experimental controls, system stability, blinding and randomisation, environmental influences, and procedures for the preparation of potentised samples and controls, and we address some specific challenges of this research field.
CONCLUSIONS: This expert consensus process resulted in a robust set of methodological guidelines for research on potentised preparations and provides a valuable framework that will inform and improve the quality of subsequent research in this emerging field.
UNASSIGNED: Tournier AL, Bonamin LV, Buchheim-Schmidt S, Cartwright S, Dombrowsky C, Doesburg P, Holandino C, Kokornaczyk MO, van de Kraats EB, López-Carvallo JA, Nandy P, Mazón-Suástegui JM, Mirzajani F, Poitevin B, Scherr C, Thieves K, Würtenberger S, Baumgartner S. Scientific guidelines for preclinical research on potentised preparations manufactured according to current pharmacopoeias-the PrePoP guidelines. J Integr Med. 2024; Epub ahead of print.

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Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is one of the commonest biliary malignancies seen in India, Argentina, and Japan. The disease has dismal outcome as it is detected quite late due to nonspecific symptoms and signs. Early detection is the only way to improve the outcome. There have been several advances in basic as well as clinical research in the hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases in the West and other developed countries but not enough has been done in GBC. Therefore, it is important and the responsibility of the countries with high burden of GBC to find solutions to the many unanswered questions like etiopathogenesis, early diagnosis, treatment, and prognostication. As India being one of the largest hubs for GBC in the world, it is important to know how the country has progressed on GBC. In this review, we will discuss the outcome of the publications from India highlighting the work and the developments taken place in past several decades both in basic and clinical research.

Neuroimmunology is an interdisciplinary branch of biomedical science that emerges from the intersection of studies on the nervous system and the immune system. The complex interplay between the two systems has long been recognized. Research efforts directed at the underlying functional interface and associated pathophysiology, however, have garnered attention only in recent decades. In this narrative review, we highlight significant advances in research on neuroimmune interplay and modulation. A particular focus is on early- and middle-career neuroimmunologists in China and their achievements in frontier areas of \"neuroimmune interface\", \"neuro-endocrine-immune network and modulation\", \"neuroimmune interactions in diseases\", \"meningeal lymphatic and glymphatic systems in health and disease\", and \"tools and methodologies in neuroimmunology research\". Key scientific questions and future directions for potential breakthroughs in neuroimmunology research are proposed.

Stroke is a primary cause of noncommunicable disease-related death and disability worldwide. The most common form, ischemic stroke, is increasing in incidence resulting in a significant burden on patients and society. Urgent action is thus needed to address preventable risk factors and improve treatment methods. This review examines emerging technologies used in the management of ischemic stroke, including neuroimaging, regenerative medicine, biology, and nanomedicine, highlighting their benefits, clinical applications, and limitations. Additionally, we suggest strategies for technological development for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of ischemic stroke.

I studied at the Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, from April 2018 to March 2020. At Stanford University, I mainly researched the following themes: (1) sleep basic research using mice (administering compounds with sleep or wakefulness effects to mice and examining their effects), and (2) research on circadian rhythm disorders. There are only a few institutions in the world that can conduct sleep basic research using mice, and Stanford University is a wonderful environment to immerse yourself in research, as it is home to not only psychiatrists but also neurologists and many basic researchers. In this article, I would like to review the experiments I conducted during my study abroad, using mice to verify the effects of natural compounds on wakefulness or sleep. In one study, we evaluated the effects of ginkgolides (A, B, and C) and bilobalide on arousal, locomotion, and core body temperature. The results showed that only ginkgolide B dose-dependently increased the amount of arousal and decreased the amount of NREM sleep in the physiological sleep-wake cycle of mice. In another study, we tested the sleep-inducing effects of sake yeast in mice under an acute insomnia model. We showed that sake yeast dose-dependently increased REM and non-REM sleep, decreased arousal within 6 hours after oral administration of sake yeast, and decreased locomotion and core body temperature in a new cage.

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) hydrolyze cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), and involve in the regulation of cellular physiological processes and neurological functions, including neuronal plasticity, synaptogenesis, synaptic transmission, memory formation and cognitive function by catalyzing the hydrolysis of intracellular cAMP and cGMP. A large number of basic and clinical studies have shown that PDE4 inhibitors block or ameliorate the occurrence and development of central nervous system (CNS) diseases by inhibiting cAMP hydrolysis, increasing cAMP content and enhancing its downstream effects. PDE4 inhibitors have long-term potentiation effect, which can enhance phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and upregulate expression of memory related Arc genes in hippocampal neurons, thereby improving cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\'s disease-like symptoms; and also resist the occurrence and development of Parkinson\'s disease by reducing the cytotoxicity induced by α-syn and increasing the effect of miR-124-3p on cell activity. Alteration of PDE4 activity is the molecular basis of psychosis and cognitive disorders, therefore it is considered as one of the therapeutic targets for schizophrenia. PDE4 inhibitors play a role in depression; Autism spectrum and Huntington\'s disease by inhibiting the advanced glycation end product receptor (RAGE), TLR4 and NLRP3 pathways in the hippocampus, reducing the activation of microglia and the production of interleukin-1β, down-regulating HMGB1/RAGE signaling pathway and inhibiting inflammatory factors and Increase the nociception threshold. PDE4 inhibitors might be used in treatment of fragile X syndrome by regulating the level of cAMP and affecting the expression of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). PDE4 inhibitors can also promote the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and enhance myelination, which has potential in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. PDE4 also related to Bipolar disorder which may be one of the therapeutic targets. At present, several PDE4 inhibitors are on clinical trials for treatment of CNS diseases. This article reviews and discusses the progress on basic researches and clinical trials of PDE4 inhibitors in CNS diseases, providing reference for the prevention and treatment of CNS diseases and the development of new drugs.
磷酸二酯酶（PDE）通过催化细胞内的环磷酸腺苷（cAMP）和环磷酸鸟苷（cGMP）的水解参与调节神经元可塑性、突触发生、突触传递、记忆形成和认知功能等细胞生理过程及功能发挥。大量基础和临床研究证明PDE4抑制剂主要通过抑制cAMP水解、提高cAMP含量，增强其下游效应，从而改善中枢神经系统疾病的发生和发展。PDE4抑制剂可提高长时程增强效应、海马神经元cAMP反应元件结合蛋白（CREB）的磷酸化和记忆相关Arc基因的表达，从而改善认知和记忆障碍以及阿尔茨海默病样症状；通过减轻α-突触核蛋白诱导的细胞毒性，增加miR-124-3p对细胞活性的作用而抵抗帕金森病的发生发展；可激活cAMP-PKA-CREB通路，从而减弱神经炎症和氧化应激，增强神经可塑性，改善精神分裂症；通过抑制海马的晚期糖基化终末产物受体（RAGE）、Toll样受体4和NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3通路降低小胶质细胞的激活和IL-1β的产生，下调HMGB1/RAGE信号通路和抑制炎症因子，增加伤害性感受阈值，减少神经细胞损伤，在抑郁症、亨廷顿病和孤独症谱系障碍中发挥作用；通过调节cAMP含量影响脆性X智力低下蛋白表达，有望应用于脆性X染色体综合征治疗；促进少突胶质祖细胞分化并增强髓鞘形成而影响多发性硬化症治疗。双向情感障碍也与PDE4有关，可能作为治疗靶点之一。目前还有不少PDE4抑制剂处于中枢神经系统疾病的临床试验阶段。本文综述了PDE4抑制剂治疗中枢神经系统疾病的基础研究和临床试验进展，以期为中枢神经系统疾病的预防和治疗提供新的思路，为中枢神经系统药物的研发提供新策略。.