■金黄色葡萄球菌,人类共生体,也是人类最常见和最严重的病原体之一。近年来,其在吞噬细胞和非吞噬细胞中存活和复制的能力已得到大量证明。在这些细胞内小生境中,细菌被屏蔽了免疫反应和抗生素,将宿主细胞变成长期的传染性水库。此外,中性粒细胞在血液中携带细胞内细菌,导致疾病的全身传播。尽管细胞内金黄色葡萄球菌对人类健康构成严重威胁,其细胞内存活和随后的抗生素治疗失败背后的分子机制仍然难以捉摸。
■我们概述了吞噬细胞的杀伤机制和令人印象深刻的毒力因子库,金黄色葡萄球菌作为反应部署的毒素和应激反应。然后,我们讨论了该细胞内生态位中抗生素活性的不同障碍,最后描述了针对细胞内持续储库的创新策略。
■细胞内生态位代表了诊断和治疗方面的挑战。需要使用临时体内模型和单细胞方法进行进一步研究,以更好地了解细胞内存活和对抗生素耐受性的分子机制,以便确定消除这些持久性细菌的策略。
UNASSIGNED: Staphylococcus aureus, a human commensal, is also one of the most common and serious pathogens for humans. In recent years, its capacity to survive and replicate in phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells has been largely demonstrated. In these intracellular niches, bacteria are shielded from the immune response and antibiotics, turning host cells into long-term infectious reservoirs. Moreover, neutrophils carry intracellular bacteria in the bloodstream, leading to systemic spreading of the disease. Despite the serious threat posed by intracellular S. aureus to human health, the molecular mechanisms behind its intracellular survival and subsequent antibiotic treatment failure remain elusive.
UNASSIGNED: We give an overview of the killing mechanisms of phagocytes and of the impressive arsenal of virulence factors, toxins and stress responses deployed by S. aureus as a response. We then discuss the different barriers to antibiotic activity in this intracellular niche and finally describe innovative strategies to target intracellular persisting reservoirs.
UNASSIGNED: Intracellular niches represent a challenge in terms of diagnostic and treatment. Further research using ad-hoc in-vivo models and single cell approaches are needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying intracellular survival and tolerance to antibiotics in order to identify strategies to eliminate these persistent bacteria.